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General Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two characteristics of a hypothesis?

A

Must be testable and falsifiable

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2
Q

What is descriptive science?

A

Describing nature through observation

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3
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Leads to a generalization based on many observations

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4
Q

What is experimental science?

A

Explaining nature through experimentation

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5
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A reasonable answer to a well-framed question that leads to predictions that can be tested using experiments

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6
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

If experimental results are consistent with the prediction, they support the hypothesis

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7
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable being tested

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8
Q

What are matched variables?

A

Variables that are made the same between controls and experimental groups

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9
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The results

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10
Q

What is a positive control?

A

You should see a positive result

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11
Q

What is a negative control?

A

You should see a negative result

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12
Q

Correlation does not indicate…

A

Cause and effect

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13
Q

How can we conclude something is causal and not just correlated?

A

Use a controlled experiment

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14
Q

What is a theory?

A

A major unifying idea with extensive testing and attempts to disprove it have failed

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15
Q

Evolution is a…

A

FACT-it is measured and observed

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16
Q

What is a scientific fact?

A

An objective and verifiable observation

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17
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change in a population or a species over time

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18
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals best adapted to their environment

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19
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random events that can cause some genes to disappear from a population

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20
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Males and females have different physical characteristics for non-random mating

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21
Q

What is the order of the hierarchy of biological organization?

A

Biosphere-Ecosystem/Biome-Community-Population-Organism-Organ-Tissue-Cells

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22
Q

What is ecology?

A

Study of distribution and abundance of organisms and interactions between organisms and their environment

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23
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

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24
Q

How are biomes generally defined?

A

Type of vegetation (primary producer)

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25
Q

Describe the Tundra.

A

Northern latitudes, low temperatures, little rain, and mostly composed of mosses and grasses (permafrost restricts plant growth)

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26
Q

Describe the Northern Coniferous Forest (Taiga/Boreal).

A

Northern latitude, cooler temperatures, a little more rain than the tundra, and has conifers (pine, spruce, fir, hemlocks)

Largest terrestrial biome

27
Q

Describe a Temperate Forest.

A

Mid-latitudes, cold winters and warm summers, moderate-high precipitation (seasonal), has deciduous trees (canopy) and a shrub layer

28
Q

Describe Temperate Grasslands.

A

Mid-latitudes, rain varies seasonally, cold winters and hot summers, single layer of grasses with large numbers of herbivores

29
Q

Describe a Desert.

A

30 degrees above/below equator, low precipitation (highly variable), hot temperatures, sparse, single-layer vegetation (cacti, shrubs, herbs, succulents)

30
Q

Describe a Tropical Rainforest.

A

Equatorial, high precipitation, always hot/humid, broadleaf plants/epiphytes with a canopy, sub canopy, and herb layers

31
Q

What explains the different biomes?

A

Temperature and precipitation

32
Q

Why are places along the equator hotter than other places at higher latitudes?

A

There is more constant, direct sunlight and travels through less atmosphere

33
Q

Why are seasons more pronounced at higher latitudes?

A

The tilt of the earth towards and away from the sun

34
Q

Why are deserts found 30 degrees from the equator?

A

Moist air rises at the equator and rains on the equator and the cool, dry air sinks 30 degrees from the equator

35
Q

What are rain shadows?

A

Mountains near a body of water receive moist temperatures and precipitation on the coast side and dry, cool air on the leeward side

36
Q

What is an Estuary?

A

Where freshwater meets salt water

37
Q

What is the photic zone?

A

Where light penetrates and photosynthesis can take place

38
Q

What is the aphotic zone?

A

Area too deep for light to penetrate

39
Q

What is the euphoric zone?

A

Enough light for photosynthesis

40
Q

What is the dysphotic zone?

A

Not enough light for photosynthesis

41
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

Shallow zone: shore to depth of photic zone

42
Q

What is the limentic zone?

A

Deep, well-lit surface waters

43
Q

What is the pelagic zone?

A

The entire water column above the bottom

44
Q

What is the benthic zone

A

The sediments at the bottom

45
Q

What is a thermocline?

A

Transition between warm, oxygenated, low nutrient H2O and cold low O2, nutrient rich water

46
Q

What are oligotrophic lake?

A

Clear, mountain water with low nutrients (not much productivity/growth), O2 rich

47
Q

What is an Eutrophic lake?

A

High nutrients, lots of growth, O2 poor

48
Q

What is lake turn over?

A

Carrying sediments and nutrients up from the benthic zone

49
Q

What is an intertidal zone?

A

Shore between tide lines

50
Q

What is the neritic zone?

A

Shallow ocean, low tide line to the continental shelf

51
Q

What is the oceanic zone?

A

Open sea

52
Q

What are tropical estuaries called?

A

Mangrove Forests

53
Q

What are temperate estuaries called?

A

Salt-water marshes

54
Q

Describe Mangrove Forests.

A

Roots suspended in water column, efficient nutrient usage, prevent coastline erosion and runoff

55
Q

Describe Salt Marshes.

A

Contains emergent grasses and high productivity

56
Q

Describe coral reefs.

A

Found in the neritic (shallow) zone, warm but nutrient poor water

57
Q

Describe Kelp Forests.

A

Found in neritic (shallow) zone, cool temperate waters

58
Q

What is population ecology?

A

Study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time

59
Q

How do you estimate the population size?

A

Marked recaptures/total in second sample=marked initially/total population size

60
Q

What does a exponential model (J-curve) represent?

A

No immigration/emigration, small population, no competition (resources are unlimited), and conditions do not change

61
Q

What is the rate of change (r) influenced by?

A

Age of first reproduction, frequency of reproduction, fecundity (average # of female offspring), length of reproductive lifespan, and survival rate of young

62
Q

What is type 1 survivorship curve?

A

Low mortality in young, few offspring and high parental care

63
Q

What is type 2 survivorship curve?

A

Equal chance of dying throughout life, less common, some invertebrates and rodents

64
Q

What is type 3 survivorship curve?

A

High mortality in young, many offspring, low parental care

General Biology (1 decks)

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