unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what regulates the temperature?

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

range of temperature

A

96.4-99.1F

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3
Q

diurnal

A

lower temperature in the morning, higher in the evening

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4
Q

hyperthermia can be a sign of?

A

infection, cancer, trauma, endocrine, blood/disorders

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5
Q

hypothermia can be sign of?

A

thyroid issues

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6
Q

Pulse range

A

regular: 30 sec x2
irregular: 60 sec

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7
Q

rate

A

60-100

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8
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate; <60bpm

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9
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate; >100bpm

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10
Q

normal respiration rate

A

12-20

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11
Q

things to look for when counting RR’s

A

rhythm, rate, character, regular/irregular

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12
Q

Blood Pressure

A

the force of blood against the vessel wall during contraction of the heart & relaxation of the heart

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13
Q

Factors that Affect BP

A

cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, volume of circulation blood, viscosity of blood , elasticity of vessels

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14
Q

HIGH PVR=

A

HIGH BP

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15
Q

HIGH fluid volume=

A

HIGH BP

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16
Q

HIGH viscosity

A

HIGH BP

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17
Q

HIGH ELASTICITY

A

LOW BP

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18
Q

What are factors affecting BP?

A

age, race, gender, time of day, weight, exercise, personality type, stress, pain, caffeine, nicotine, position

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19
Q

Sphygmomanometer size

A

too narrow: high BP

too large: low BP

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20
Q

Korotkoff Sounds

A
Phase 1- first sound (systolic)
Phase 2- softer/absent
Phase 3- distinct/louder
Phase 4- muffling
Phase 5- last sound (diastolic)
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21
Q

Auscultatory gap

A

quite/disappearance of sounds

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22
Q

Arm Position in BP

A

above heart- low BP

below heart- high BP

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23
Q

Types of Pain

A

Visceral- internal organs
Somatic- musculoskeletal
Cutaneous- skin
Referred- pain from another injury ex: heart attack

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24
Q

Health Assessment Steps

A
  • observation (inspection)
  • interview (health hx)
  • physical assessment
  • draw conclusions (from health hx, assessment, labs, x-rays, etc)
  • health promotion (plans and interventions)
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25
Q

Health Hx

A

subjective & objective data

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26
Q

Complete or Total interview

A

brand new pt in clinic, never seen in hospital prior

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27
Q

Episodic or problem centered

A

established pt. going to see their provider (ex: for a cold)

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28
Q

Follow Up

A

with primary provider about an issue

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29
Q

Emergency

A

sports accident, MVA; only focused on how to keep pt alive

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30
Q

Components of a Health Hx

A

Biographic Data: sex, gender, language, religion, living situation
Source of Hx: who is providing the info?
Reason for seeking care?: “what has brought you in today?”
Hx of Present Illness (HPI): pts version of events leading to what brought them in
Family Hx: causes of deaths/illnesses
Review of Systems: head to toe assessment
Functional Assessment: measures self care/ ADL’s

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31
Q

OLDCART

A
O: onset
L: location
D: duration
C: characteristics
A: aggravating/ alleviating factors
R: relieving factors 
T: timing
S: severity
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32
Q

Skin Layers

A

epidermis: 1st layer- contains melanocytes
dermis: 2nd layer- inner supportive layer, connective tissue, makes skin durable, nerves and sensory blood
subcutaneous: 3rd layer- fatty later, cushion, energy

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33
Q

Skin Functions

A
  • protection
  • perception
  • temperature regulation
  • communication
  • wound repair
  • absorption, excretion
  • production of vitamin D
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34
Q

ROS- skin

A

dryness, itching, rashes, bruising, lesions, moles, excessive perspiration

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35
Q

ROS- hair

A

hair loss, excess hair, texture change, scalp issues

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36
Q

ROS- nails

A

biting, splitting, pitting, thickening, clubbing

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37
Q

Pustule

A

elevated, superficial lesion filled with purulent fluid

ex: zit

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38
Q

Macule

A

flat, defined area & edges, often in one location; size is less than 1cm (ex: freckle, flat mole)

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39
Q

Papule

A

elevated, firm, defined area, less than 1/2 cm (ex: elevated mole, wart)

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40
Q

Vesicle

A

elevated, fluid filled (serous), less than 1/2 cm (ex: blister, chicken pox, burns)

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41
Q

Scar

A

made of fibrous tissue

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42
Q

Ulcer

A

loss of epidermis, dermis layers (ex: pressure ulcer)

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43
Q

Fissure

A

linear crack in skin vary in size and location (ex: callused heels)

44
Q

Petechiae

A

small red/maroon “dots”

-often due to popped B.V’s due to pressure or friction

45
Q

Ecchymosis

A

bruise

46
Q

Purpura

A

mix of petechiae and ecchymosis

- bleeding disorders, fragile capillaries or skin

47
Q

Mongolian Spots

A

hyperpigmentation, often in children that are black, hispanic or asian

48
Q

Cherry Angiomas

A

bright red spots, get more as you age

49
Q

Striae

A

stretch marks

50
Q

Skin & Aging

A
  • less skin elasticity
  • loss of subq layer
  • facial hair in women
  • balding in men
  • seborrheic keratosis
  • senile lentigines (age spots)
51
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale Descriptors

A

alert, lethargic, obtunded, stupor, coma

52
Q

Life Span Assessments- Infants

A

breastfed vs. formula- differences in how quickly a child gains weight, stools, swallowing and latching
ex: tongue tied, cleft lip

53
Q

How many lobes are on the right side?

A

3 lobes

54
Q

What is the tope of the lung called?

A

Apex

55
Q

What is the bottom of the lung called?

A

Base

56
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

alveoli

57
Q

For inspiration, does the diaphragm descend or rise?

A

descend

58
Q

For inspiration do the external intercostals contract or relax?

A

contract

59
Q

For inspiration does the thorax expand or contract?

A

expand

60
Q

For inspiration does the negative pressure increase or decrease?

A

increase

61
Q

what do you look for on inspection of the respiratory system

A
symmetry, expansion, ease of movement, labored 
pattern of breath
depth of breath
rate of breath
noise
62
Q

what are normal breath sounds?

A

regular and comfortable rate; 12-20

63
Q

what are bradypnea breath sound?

A

slower than 12 breaths per minute

64
Q

what are tachypnea breath sounds?

A

faster than 20 breaths per minute

65
Q

What are cheyne-stokes breath sounds?

A

varying periods of increasing depth with apnea

66
Q

What are Kussmaul breath sounds?

A

rapid, deep, labored

- associated with metabolic acidosis, breathe off Co2, air hungry

67
Q

What is dyspnea

A

SOB

68
Q

What is stridor breath sounds?

A

low pitched “crowing” sounds- often an airway obstruction

69
Q

What is a barrel chest?

A

1: 1- chronic respiratory conditions; COPD, emphysema

- chronic overinflation of air

70
Q

What is a pigeon chest?

A

convex sternum

  • malformation in the utero
  • screen pt for internal deformities
71
Q

What is a Funnel Chest?

A

concave in the stream

  • malformation in the utero
  • screen pt for internal deformities
72
Q

What to check for upon palpation during respiratory check

A

lesions, tenderness, temperature, rib instability

73
Q

What is air trapped in the subcutaneous tissue?

A

crepitus

74
Q

what does crepitus sound like?

A

rice crispies

75
Q

What are causes of crepitus?

A

air leaking from the lungs, pneumothorax, collapsed lung, chest tube w air leak, procedure/injury to chest cavity

76
Q

What is the costal angle?

A

where the ribs meet the sternum

77
Q

How do you perform respiratory excursion?

A

stand behind the pt, make a “w” with your hands, have pt take a deep breath in and out

78
Q

What do you look for on respiratory excursion?

A

symmetrical chest expansion

79
Q

in tactile fremitus, what does decreased vibrations mean?

A

extra air

80
Q

in tactile fremitus, what does increased vibrations mean?

A

areas of consolidation; swelling, abscess, mass, tumor, pneumonia

81
Q

How do you perform tactile fremitus?

A

lay hands flat on posterior chest, have the pt say “99” every time you move your hand down their back

  • 3 down
  • 1 lateral
82
Q

In percussion, what creates flat sounds?

A

bone

83
Q

In percussion, what creates dull sounds?

A

organs

84
Q

Where do you hear resonance during percussion?

A

tops of shoulder, around the spine

85
Q

What sequence do you move in for percussion and auscultation of the lungs/chest?

A

across and down, 5 times

86
Q

Where do you hear bronchial sounds?

A

upper airway

87
Q

What do bronchial breaths sound like?

A

harsh, loud, high pitched

88
Q

Where do you hear bronchovesicular sounds?

A

middle airway

89
Q

What do bronchovesicular breaths sound like?

A

medium pitch & loudness

90
Q

Where do you hear vesicular breath sounds?

A

peripheral lung fields, and bottom

91
Q

What do vesicular breaths sound like?

A

soft, quite, low-pitched

92
Q

What abnormal breath sound is described as musical?

A

wheezes

93
Q

What abnormal breath sound is described as loud snoring?

A

ronchi

94
Q

What abnormal breath sound is described as a bubbling sound?

A

crackles/rales

95
Q

What abnormal breath sound is described as a dry rubbing sound?

A

pleural friction rub

96
Q

For bronchophony, what do you have the pt. say?

A

“99”

97
Q

For egophony, what do you have the pt. say?

A

“ee-ee-ee”

98
Q

For whispered voice pectorilgoquy, what do you have the pt. say?

A

whisper- “1-2-3”

99
Q

What is abnormal for bronchoscopy?

A

clear “99”

100
Q

What is abnormal for egophony?

A

“aa”

101
Q

What is abnormal for whispered voice pectorilgoquy?

A

clear “1-2-3”

102
Q

What are S&S of emphysema?

A

decreased breathe sounds, decreased voice resonance, barrel chest, skinny arm & legs; big chest, pursed lip breathing

103
Q

What are S&S of pneumonia?

A

crackles, increased voice resonance, tachypnea, “thick” sounding

104
Q

What are S&S of asthma?

A

wheezing, SOB, coughing

105
Q

What are S&S of a pneumothorax?

A

diminished or absent breath sounds unilaterally, respiratory distress

106
Q

What is fluid in the lungs?

A

infiltrate

107
Q

What is effusion in the lungs?

A

fluid pocket; usually seen at the base of the lungs