unit 1 Flashcards
what regulates the temperature?
hypothalamus
range of temperature
96.4-99.1F
diurnal
lower temperature in the morning, higher in the evening
hyperthermia can be a sign of?
infection, cancer, trauma, endocrine, blood/disorders
hypothermia can be sign of?
thyroid issues
Pulse range
regular: 30 sec x2
irregular: 60 sec
rate
60-100
bradycardia
slow heart rate; <60bpm
tachycardia
fast heart rate; >100bpm
normal respiration rate
12-20
things to look for when counting RR’s
rhythm, rate, character, regular/irregular
Blood Pressure
the force of blood against the vessel wall during contraction of the heart & relaxation of the heart
Factors that Affect BP
cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, volume of circulation blood, viscosity of blood , elasticity of vessels
HIGH PVR=
HIGH BP
HIGH fluid volume=
HIGH BP
HIGH viscosity
HIGH BP
HIGH ELASTICITY
LOW BP
What are factors affecting BP?
age, race, gender, time of day, weight, exercise, personality type, stress, pain, caffeine, nicotine, position
Sphygmomanometer size
too narrow: high BP
too large: low BP
Korotkoff Sounds
Phase 1- first sound (systolic) Phase 2- softer/absent Phase 3- distinct/louder Phase 4- muffling Phase 5- last sound (diastolic)
Auscultatory gap
quite/disappearance of sounds
Arm Position in BP
above heart- low BP
below heart- high BP
Types of Pain
Visceral- internal organs
Somatic- musculoskeletal
Cutaneous- skin
Referred- pain from another injury ex: heart attack
Health Assessment Steps
- observation (inspection)
- interview (health hx)
- physical assessment
- draw conclusions (from health hx, assessment, labs, x-rays, etc)
- health promotion (plans and interventions)
Health Hx
subjective & objective data
Complete or Total interview
brand new pt in clinic, never seen in hospital prior
Episodic or problem centered
established pt. going to see their provider (ex: for a cold)
Follow Up
with primary provider about an issue
Emergency
sports accident, MVA; only focused on how to keep pt alive
Components of a Health Hx
Biographic Data: sex, gender, language, religion, living situation
Source of Hx: who is providing the info?
Reason for seeking care?: “what has brought you in today?”
Hx of Present Illness (HPI): pts version of events leading to what brought them in
Family Hx: causes of deaths/illnesses
Review of Systems: head to toe assessment
Functional Assessment: measures self care/ ADL’s
OLDCART
O: onset L: location D: duration C: characteristics A: aggravating/ alleviating factors R: relieving factors T: timing S: severity
Skin Layers
epidermis: 1st layer- contains melanocytes
dermis: 2nd layer- inner supportive layer, connective tissue, makes skin durable, nerves and sensory blood
subcutaneous: 3rd layer- fatty later, cushion, energy
Skin Functions
- protection
- perception
- temperature regulation
- communication
- wound repair
- absorption, excretion
- production of vitamin D
ROS- skin
dryness, itching, rashes, bruising, lesions, moles, excessive perspiration
ROS- hair
hair loss, excess hair, texture change, scalp issues
ROS- nails
biting, splitting, pitting, thickening, clubbing
Pustule
elevated, superficial lesion filled with purulent fluid
ex: zit
Macule
flat, defined area & edges, often in one location; size is less than 1cm (ex: freckle, flat mole)
Papule
elevated, firm, defined area, less than 1/2 cm (ex: elevated mole, wart)
Vesicle
elevated, fluid filled (serous), less than 1/2 cm (ex: blister, chicken pox, burns)
Scar
made of fibrous tissue
Ulcer
loss of epidermis, dermis layers (ex: pressure ulcer)