Unit 1

Question 1

phonics

Answer 1

the study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction

Question 2

phonemic awareness

Answer 2

the conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoke syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds

Question 3

syllable

Answer 3

the unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel

Question 4

orthography

Answer 4

a writing system for representing language

Question 5

morphophonemic

Answer 5

English orthography is morphophonemic, which means that it is a deep alphabetic writing system organized by both sound-symbol correspondences and morphology

Question 6

morpheme

Answer 6

the smallest meaningful unit of language

Question 7

cognate

Answer 7

a word in one language that shares a common ancestor and common meaning with a word in another language

Question 8

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 8

the ability to think about and reflect on the structure of language itself

Question 9

decoding

Answer 9

the ability to translate a word from print to speech

Question 10

academic language

Answer 10

written or spoken language that is more stylistically formal than spoken conversational language

Question 11

orthographic mapping

Answer 11

the mental process used to store words for immediate and effortless retrieval.

Question 12

lexicon

Answer 12

the name for the mental dictionary in every person’s phonological processing system

Question 13

grapheme

Answer 13

a letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme

Question 14

automaticity

Answer 14

the ability to read quickly and accurately without conscious effort

Question 15

phoneme-grapheme mapping

Answer 15

the matching of phonemes in words with the graphemes that represent them

Question 16

alphabetic principle

Answer 16

the concept that letters are used to represent individual phonemes in the spoken word

Question 17

sight vocabulary

Answer 17

a student’s bank of words that are instantly and effortlessly recognized

Question 18

single deficit

Answer 18

a prominent and specific weakness in either phonological or naming speed processing

Question 19

double deficit

Answer 19

a combination of phonological and naming-speed deficits

Question 20

benchmark

Answer 20

a standard of a set of standards used as a threshold for predicting future risk for reading difficulty

Question 21

reliable measure

Answer 21

a measure that is likely to yield the same result if it were to be given several times on the same day in the same context

Question 22

valid measure

Answer 22

a measure that measures what was intended; corresponds well to other known, valid measures; and predicts with good accuracy how students are likely to perform on an accountability measure

Question 23

curriculum-based measurements

Answer 23

standardized measurement that assess content that students should master by the end of the grade level that the measurement prepresents