Unit 01 - Ocean life, productivity & man's impact (Vocabulary & Content) Flashcards
Warm-blooded organisms
endotherms
Which phylum do octopus, squid and cuttlefish belong to?
mollusk
The shallow area over the continental shelf
Neritic zone
What is happening glaciers that is leading to rising global sea levels?
They are melting due to global warming
Over time what happens to the levels of heavy metals in the tissues of animals?
It stays in the tissues
A reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere which reacts with seawater to produce acid.
Ocean acidification
Animals that live in the sediment on the ocean floor
Infauna
What are modern harpoon guns used to hunt?
whales
What is a major problem with drift nets, longline fishing, trawling, and other commerical fishing methods?
by-catch
Which zone includes all of the open water of the ocean?
pelagic
A model of feeding relationships between organisms. Primary producers form the base; consumers eating one another form the higher levels, with the top consumer at the top.
trophic pyramid
Swimming organisms that are able to move independently of water currents.
nekton
Plants or algae that live on the ocean floor
Epiflora
Organisms that live on or in the ocean floor
Benthos
Which fin is used by fish and sharks for forward motion?
caudal fin
A plant, fungus, or animal species that is not native to a specific location (an introduced species), and which has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health.
Invasive species
To fish (an area) excessively; to exhaust the supply of usable fish in certain waters.
Overfishing
The portion of a commercial fishing catch that consists of marine animals caught unintentionally.
Bycatch
Which zone includes all of the ocean floor (bottom) at any depth?
benthic
The process by which autotrophs bind light energy into the chemical bonds of food with the aid of chlorophyll and other substances. The process uses carbon dioxide and water as raw materials and yields glucose and oxygen.
photosynthesis
What can sponge larvae do that adult sponges cannot?
swim
Photoplankton and sharks can be on the same trophic pyramid. Which would have the highest population?
phytoplankton
Photoplankton and sharks can be on the same trophic pyramid. Which would have the fastest reproduction rate?
phytoplankton
Which phylum does a sea star belong to?
echinoderms
What are any substances or energy that changes the water quality or affects the physical, chemical, or biologic environment known as?
pollution
Cold-blooded organisms
ectotherms
Planktonic animals that eat phytoplankton or other heterotrophic plankton and are unable to swim independently of the current.
zooplankton
The synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic compounds using energy stored in inorganic substances within the Earth. This process does not use energy from the sun.
chemosynthesis
Planktonic organisms that photosynthesize that are unable to swim independently of the current.
phytoplankton
Refers to anywhere on the ocean floor.
benthic province
What happens to the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water as depth increases?
it decreases
The depth at which the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesizing autotrophs equals the carbohydrates the autotrophs need for respiration. Below this depth there is not enough light for photosynthesis.
compensation depth
Animals that live on the surface of the ocean floor
Epifauna
The thin film of lighted water at the top of the world ocean. This zone rarely extends deeper than 200 meters (660 feet).
photic zone
What has happened to ocean acidity since the Industrial Revolution?
it is increasing
What is another name for the tail fin of a shark or fish?
caudal fin
What body part are many sharks intentionally caught for?
fins
Organisms that can’t swim against the current
Plankton
What do sharks use to control their buoyancy?
oily liver
What is the name of the fin on underside of the fish or shark, closest to the tail fin?
anal fin
The breakdown of matter.
decomposition
What is a name for the fin that runs along the top of the fish or shark?
dorsal fin
List four different types of cartilaginous fish.
sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras
Pollution introduced into the envirnoment would be highest in what part of the food chain, at the beginning of the food chain or further up the food chain?
further up the food chain
What level of a trophic pyramid would primary producers be located?
first level
What do sharks use their ampullae of Lorenzini to detect?
electrical signals
What do bony fish use to control their buoyancy?
swim bladder
Organisms that can swim against the current
Nekton
Which marine organisms live the longest lives those living in colder water or warmer water?
cold water
What is the name of the fin on the side of a fish or shark?
pectoral fin
Animal plankton
Zooplankton
A biochemical process that releases of stored energy from chemical bonds in food; carbon dioxide and water are formed as byproducts.
respiration
Photosynthetic plankton (plants and algae)
Phytoplankton
The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants, especially fish, shellfish, and seaweed, in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments.
Aquaculture
Describe how quickly the phytoplankton in a food web would die if they stayed below the compensation depth for too long?
They will slowly starve to death
Which class do octopus, squid and cuttlefish belong to?
cephalopod
The dark ocean below the depth to which light can penetrate.
aphotic zone
What type of arthropod do whales, like baleen whales, in polar regions feed on?
krill
An organism that gets nourishment from other organisms because it is unable to make its own food molecules.
heterotroph
What percentage of energy is available to each level of this diagram from the level below it?
10%
An organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
autotroph
What level of a trophic pyramid would primary consumers be located?
second level
What do fish and sharks use the lateral line for?
detect vibrations
What happens to gas-filled body cavities as hydrostatic pressure increases with increasing depth?
they compress
In general, which marine organisms reproduce the fastest those living in colder water or warmer water?
warm water
The amount of carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Expressed in grams of carbon bound into carbohydrates per unit area per unit time (g C/m2/yr).
primary productivity
What is the name of the fin on underside of the fish or shark, closest to the head?
pelvic fin
Look at the following list of gases: carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, water vapor. Which gas does not belong in this list?
oxygen
What type of organisms are missing from this food web and many other food webs?
decomposers