Unit 0 : Foundations Flashcards
What did Socrates and his student Plato claim about mind and knowledge?
The mind is separable form body and continues after the body dies
Knowledge is innate- born within us
Socrates and Plato derived principles from ________
logic
Plato’s student, Aristotle, had a different view on how knowledge is obtained. What was it?
Aristotle believed knowledge was not preexisting and instead came to be through growing from the experiences stored in our memories.
Rene Descartes (1595-1650) agreed with Socrates and Plato about what concept? Descartes dissected animals and discovered what about their brains?
Descartes agreed with the concept that the mind was separate from the body and could survive after death.
Descartes discovered fluid in the brain’s cavities containing “animal spirits” which would flow through what we call nerves to the muscles and provoke movement.
Aristotle derived principles from _____________
observations
How did Rene Descartes believe memories formed?
Memories formed as experiences opened pores in the brain into which the animal spirits also flowed.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) claimed what about knowledge?
Knowledge is claimed through observations and utilizing inductive reasoning (empiricism)
John Locke (1632-1704) argued that the mind at birth was a what? Combining Bacon’s ideas, the formation of what concept occurred?
The mind at birth was a tabula rasa- a “blank slate” on which experience writes on
The formation of empiricism occurred; what we know comes from experiences and that observation and experimentation enables scientific knowledge.
Wilhelm Wundt sought to measure “_____ __ ____ ______” the ________ and __________ mental processes.
“atoms of the mind”
fastest
simplest
Wilhelm Wundt founded the first what in Germany?
Psychological laboratory
In 1892, together, Wundt’s student, Titchener, and himself established what early school of thought?
Structuralism
What is structuralism? What were some cons of this method?
The method of using introspection; getting patients to look inward
It was unreliable and we often don’t know why we feel what we feel and do what we do
Psychologist William James, influenced by Charles Darwin’s ideas, developed what early school of thought?
Functionalism
What is functionalism?
The belief that our mental processes enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish.
James assumed that thinking, like smelling, was adaptive and contributed to our survival.
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?
A woman who was denied her degree from Harvard, was tutored by James, was APA’s first female president in 1905
Who was Margaret Washburn?
She was the first woman the receive a psychology Ph.D.
