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World History > Unit 0: AWH, Ancient and Classical Eras > Flashcards

Unit 0: AWH, Ancient and Classical Eras Flashcards

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1
Q

Paleolithic Period

A

Old Stone (Ice) Age, 2.5 million BCE- 8,000 BCE, Hunter-Gatherers/Nomads

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2
Q

Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution, river valleys

A

Discovery that plants could be cultivated with proper care; led to development of civilizations

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3
Q

hunters and gatherers

A

nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting and fishing, and harvesting wild food.

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4
Q

artifacts

A

remains of human-made objects

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5
Q

fossils

A

any trace of a living thing of a former geologic age

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6
Q

plows

A

farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting- metal plows invented by Sumerians

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7
Q

wheels

A

The Sumerians invented wheels using rotating wooden discs.

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8
Q

metallurgy

A

branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification- advancements made by Sumerians during the Bronze Age

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9
Q

pastoralist

A

a sheep or cattle farmer.

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10
Q

labor systems

A

various people had various occupations.- Mesopotamia first region known to have a division of labor

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11
Q

specialization of labor

A

In Mesopotamia many worked as farmers, but when stable crops experienced high yields, some began perusing more specialized trades (ie: priests, scribe, etc)

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12
Q

Patriarchy

A

society dominated by men- all early civilizations

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13
Q

Mesopotamia

A

“between rivers”, “the cradle of civilization”, fertile soil, between the Tigris and Euphrates.

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14
Q

Egypt

A

Ancient civilizations settled around the Nile River. Floods made soil fertile. Known for growing papyrus.

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15
Q

Indus

A

River; the valley of Indus was the site of some of the earliest civilizations

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16
Q

China

A

first civilization there developed in eastern china including the Huang He and the Chiang Jiang rivers.

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17
Q

Iron Weapons

A

The Zhou dynasty (early Chinese civilization) is known for creating Iron Weapons most efficiently with blast furnaces; Iron Age took place around the sixth century BCE

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18
Q

Ziggurats

A

Sumerians made large, religious, stepped temples called ziggurats; center of life

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19
Q

Pyramids

A

Large Egyptian stone structures made mostly during “The Old Kingdom” (2660-2190 BCE); had tombs for rulers; huge feats of architecture and geometry

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20
Q

Streets & Roads

A

expanded trade (internal and foreign) and increased urbanization; Known to be constructed by many of China’s first rulers

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21
Q

sewage and water systems

A

Canals and other irrigation systems very popular in early Mesopotamian civilizations; Sumerians built canals and dams and influenced later civilizations (ie: Babylon). Also, Ancient Rome is known for efficient and complex sewage systems.

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22
Q

cuneiform

A

Sumerians created the world’s FIRST writing system called cuneiform; marks on wet clay tablets

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23
Q

hieroglyphs

A

Nile River Valley people used symbols that represented ideas & sounds known as hieroglyphics

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24
Q

pictographs

A

Developed by the Shang dynasty; written script of pictographs-> each represented an idea, concept, or object, as opposed to a single sound in letter systems

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25
Q

alphabet

A

Phoenicians popular for developing an alphabetic script, as system of (22) letters that represented sounds of speech around 1000 BCE

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26
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

King Hammurabi, Babylonians most powerful king, created a famous set of laws: the Code of Hammurabi; 282 laws carved in stone stele/pillars; first instance of laws being put into writing for all to see; to protect peoples’ rights, but very harsh punishments

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27
Q

pharaoh

A

In The Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE) in Egypt, the kind/queen in charge was known as a pharaoh; theocrats: help both religious and political power.

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28
Q

The Epic of Gilgamesh

A

Produced by Sumerians about one of their kinds; oldest written story on Earth

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29
Q

monotheism

A

a belief in only one deity; introduced by The Hebrews

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30
Q

polytheism

A

worship of many gods; most early civilizations were polytheistic

31
Q

theocracy

A

system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

32
Q

Judaism

A

the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people; Jews persecuted by Rome and many future civilizations; Christianity evolved from Judaism

33
Q

Hinduism

A

Began in India; spread in sixth century BCE; performing one’s dharma should be their goal in life to end birth/rebirth cycle; believed that one’s caste had to do with one’s karma

34
Q

Confucianism

A

One of the Three Great Philosophical Traditions in China; teachings of philosopher, K’ung Fu-Tzu, argued for respecting social hierarchies; focused on behavior in everyday life; Importance of family, revere ancestors

35
Q

Daoism

A

Also known as Taoism, Dates back to the 500s BCE (Zhou Dynasty); Founded by Laozi; seek happiness and wisdom by way of the path; renounce worldly ambitions; seek harmony with nature; Yin & Yang; involves much inward reflection

36
Q

Christianity

A

Popular in Rome- introduced by Peter & Paul spread it; Monotheistic religion; appealed to people hungry for answers about life and an afterlife; Christians refused to respect Roman deities->persecuted; Later became official religion of Rome through Emperor Constantine

37
Q

Dynastic Cycles

A

series of rulers who all belong to the same family; popular in early Chinese civilizations- Xia Dynasty first

38
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

Introduced by The Zhou Dynasty; idea that a ruler’s power was bestowed by the gods; severe invasions or natural evens seen as a sign that a ruler no longer had the mandate; justified overthrow of rulers

39
Q

the Caste System

A

Social Organization: The Caste System; began with Aryan people in India (1500 BCE); Four Castes: (1) Brahmins: priestly class, (2) Vaishyas: merchants/artisans, (3) Shudras: peasants/farmers, (4) Dalits: lowest, everyone outside varnas, performed the unpleasant work

40
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

Persian religion, belief in only one god: Ahura Marzda

41
Q

Vedas

A

Most ancient Hindu scriptures; lessons taught through tales of heroism, romance, and adventure

42
Q

Buddha

A

Siddhartha Gautama traveled & meditated and called himself the Buddha (“the enlightened one”)-> spread his beliefs (Buddhism); the Four Noble Truths: All life involves suffering, suffering comes from worldly pleasures, suffering ends when one eliminates earthly desires, desire can be eliminated by following Buddhism’s path; involves much inward reflection

43
Q

Confucius

A

Philosopher K’ung Fu-tzu; born 551 BCE into poverty; traveled across china gaining disciples and his idea became the foundation of Confucianism

44
Q

civil service exam

A

Created by the Han Wudi of the Han Dynasty in China; people hired basted on their test-taking abilities instead of personal/family connections

45
Q

city-states

A

popularly exemplified with Greek tribes (poleis); independent local governments; each had an agora: center for trade and gov., often caused internal tensions

46
Q

empires

A

extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority. Ex: Persian Empire

47
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Succeeded Macedonian king Philip II who conquered all Greek city-states; led many conquests that earned him the name; adopted much of Greek culture and spread it through conquest

48
Q

Ashoka Maurya

A

Most celebrated of all Mauryan rulers; ruled 268-232 BCE; ferocious warrior; military experiences affected him spiritually; converted to Buddhism and ended violent ways; as a leader he was a strong advocate for Buddhism; he made many economic achievements; ended slavery; inscribed policies & philosophies on rocks and pillars; promoted peace through diplomacy; increased trade

49
Q

Augustus Caesar (Octavian)

A

Proclaimed himself sole leader of Rome after the Battle of Actium (31 BCE); his and his successors’ will was absolute; strengthened family values, tried his best to keep the peace & promote prosperity-> Pax Romana (Roman Peacetime) lasted for the next 200 years

50
Q

Great Wall of China

A

Started by the cruel leader: Qin Shihuangdi of the Qin Dynasty in China; enlisted people to work on many infrastructure projects

51
Q

Mauryan Empire

A

Spirituality and social organization stand out most in Indian history; divided into provinces; provinces ruled by prince (rep of emperor); provinces divided into districts governed by a minister; made India an important trading crossroads and popular in maritime trade; many achievements cam from Ashoka Maurya;

52
Q

Gupta Empire

A

Last major Indian dynasty; 3rd or 4th century CE; was a Golden Age for India; made India an important destination an important destination along the Silk Road; made many health care improvements (ie: inoculations); developed the numerical symbols 0 through 9 that we use today

53
Q

Han Dynasty in China

A

Han Wudi most significant ruler of this dynasty; Pax Sinica (Chinese peace) during Wudi’s rule; Silk production increased, 100 CE- China invented paper, calculated a year, improved iron plow and yoke.

54
Q

Greek Classical Age

A

Made up of many diverse and independent city-states, came together for the Olympic Games, defeated Persian Empire: Sparta and Athens most powerful; Sparta: society organized around producing a powerful military, boys taken from mothers at 7 to train, slaves did all the agricultural work and infrastructure projects; Athens: many political and intellectual achievements, was a (direct) democracy for a bit, arts, mathematics, and literature created by Athenians formed the basis of academic disciplines studied today, life was hard for women and slaves

55
Q

Julius Caesar

A

became dictator of Rome for life in 46 BCE after vanquishing Pompey (major foe); revised calendar, increased size of senate, extended citizenship, etc.; led many conquests as far as Germany & Egypt; March 15, 44 BCE: senator intimidated by his popularity amongst many Roman citizens assassinated him-> caused downfall of the Republic and establishment of the Roman Empire

56
Q

Legalism

A

Struck a chord during the Qin Dynasty in China, Concerned with how people behaved, believed human nature to be bad and that society needed a system of strict laws & punishments to control people; most citizens should live as either farmers or soldiers; One should observe their neighbors and relatives and repot them to authorities if they break the law

57
Q

monarchy

A

King (one person) who rules

58
Q

aristocracy

A

Nobles rule; wealth & social ties

59
Q

democracy

A

all citizens participate in government

60
Q

republic

A

a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

61
Q

reincarnation

A

the rebirth of a soul in a new body; popular in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and more

62
Q

Roman Republic v. Roman Empire

A

Republic: Elected officials, representative democracy, the Assembly of Tribunes (for Plebeians and Magistrates), Tribunes plebeian elected officials to represent them & sometimes got veto power, Consuls (2) most important elected magistrates & could veto, Laws of the Twelve Tables displayed for all to see
Empire: Started by Octavian, one person’s will was absolute, Pax Romana (Roman Peacetime), women’s rights expanded a bit

63
Q

scholar-gentry

A

social leader who taught and oversaw community projects, preached Confucian moral teachings, etc.; ex: Confucius & his disciples, Peter & Paul (Christianity)

64
Q

Qin Dynasty China

A

established in 221 BCE after Zhou; Qin Shihuangdi created a very centralized gov. under his personal control- cruel leader- tomb decorated with 7,000 life-sized terracotta soldiers; Legalism became popular; expanded size of Chinese Empire; standardized coinage, weights, and measures; many infrastructure improvements;

65
Q

Polis

A

Another name for a Greek (independent) city-state. Plural: poleis

66
Q

Royal Road

A

Built during the reign of Persian Kind Darius; 1,500 mi across Persian Empire, roads built to encourage trade; efficient courier service

67
Q

Laws of the Twelve Tables

A

Roman laws displayed for all to see; dealt with almost every aspect of life (ex: business transactions, property boundaries, and penalties for crimes), created career path for lawyers

68
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roman Peacetime, took place during the Roman Empire, started with Octavian’s rule and lasted for the next 200 years

69
Q

Shihuangdi

A

means “first emperor”, Qin Shihuangdi of the brief Qin Dynasty was a very cruel leader, Legalism appealed to him, abolished local laws and replaced local leaders, burned books that didn’t align with his beliefs, people who resisted his authority were executed or exiled, people drafted to work on infrastructure projects

70
Q

Han Wudi

A

Han Dynasty’s most significant emperor; ruled 141-87 BCE; oversaw a vast expansion; defeated the nomadic Xiongnu peoples; established agricultural colonies; introduced a civil service examination; created a university to prepare young men for employment

71
Q

Silk Road

A

Network of ancient trade routes connecting the East and West; also spread many cultures, ideas, religions, and diseases

72
Q

caravanserai

A

markets and inns for people traveling the Royal Road built by Darius of Persia

73
Q

stirrups

A

Probably invented during the Jin Dynasty in China and popularly used during the Han Dynasty in China; made cavalry more effective and horses more useful

World History (2 decks)

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