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BIOL 130 > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Who invented the microscope?

A

Hans Lippershey, Hans and Zacharias Janssen in ~1590

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2
Q

Who first used the term “cells”?

A

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

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3
Q

What did Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek contribute to cell biology?

A

Improved the quality of lenses, first to observe single-celled protists, bacteria from mouth, blood cells, etc. He is the “Father of microbiology”

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4
Q

Explain the relative relationships between the sizes of atoms, molecules, organelles, and cells

A

Some molecules are the size of atoms, some organelles are the size of cells (and vice versa)

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5
Q

Contributions to cell theory by Robert Brown

A

Noticed every plant cell contained a “kernel” (nucleus)

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6
Q

Contributions to cell theory by Matthias Schleiden

A

All plant tissues composed of cells, embryonic plant always arose from a single cell

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7
Q

Contributions of cell theory by Theodor Schwann

A

All animal tissues are composed of cells, arise from single cells, recognition of structural similarities between plant and animal cells, formulated Cell Theory

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8
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A
  • All organisms consist of one+ cells
  • Cell is basic structural unit for all organisms
  • All cells rise only from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

Basic properties of all cells

A
  • Highly complex + organized
  • Use same Central Dogma
  • Bioenergetics + cellular metabolism
  • Mechanical activities (transport, motility, etc.)
  • Respond to signals (hormones, growth factors, stimuli)
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10
Q

Differences between plant + animal cells

A
  • Plant: cell wall, chloroplast, one large vacuole
  • Animal: lysosomes, only cell membrane (no cell wall)
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11
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • No membrane-bound nucleus
  • ‘Naked’ DNA (fewer proteins), single, circular strand
  • Cell wall + plasma membrane
  • Very small, no need for cytoskeleton transport systems
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12
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A
  • Eubacteria: all have cell walls (except mycoplasma)
  • Archaebacteria: all have cell walls, extremophiles
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13
Q

What are the four groups of eukaryotes?

A
  • Protists: very diverse, mostly single cells but some colonies (e.g. algae)
  • Fungi: single + multicellular, cell walls, heterotrophs (external source of organic compounds)
  • Plants: multicellular, cell walls, autotrophs
  • Animals: multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophs
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14
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Internal membranes in direct contact/connected via transfer of vesicles (includes nuclear envelope/membrane, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles)

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15
Q

Which organelles have their own genome?

A

Mitochondria + chloroplasts

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16
Q

Secretory pathway

A
  • Outward path to plasma membrane
  • DNA –> mRNA –> RER ribosomes –> Golgi A. –> vesicles –> plasma membrane
  • RER: protein synthesis for export (secretion), insertion into membranes, lysosomes
  • Golgi A.: collection, packaging, + distribution
17
Q

Endocytic pathway

A
  • Materials enter cell by membrane pinching inwards to form a vesicle
  • The vesicle fuses with a lysosome to break down the materials
  • Lysosomes break down all 4 classes of macromolecules, worn-out organelles, material brought into cell by phagocytosis
18
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A
  • Early eukaryotes originated as predators (certain organelles such as mitochondria + chloroplasts evolved from smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger cell)
  • Endo-sym-biosis (within-living-together)
  • Ancient anaerobic eukaryotic cell –> early aerobic eukaryotic cell
  • Ancestral eukaryote (heterotroph) –> eukaryotic cell capable of photosynthesis
19
Q

Evidence supporting Endosymbiont Theory

A

Mitochondria + chloroplasts:
- Similar size to bacteria, reproduce by fission (like bacteria)
- Double membranes (engulfing mechanism)
- Own ribosomes (resemble prokaryotes in size, composition and sensitivity to antibiotics)
- Own genomes (organized like bacteria)
- Genetically similar to ‘parent’ bacteria

20
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotes

A
  • Membrane-bound nucleus
  • Multiple linear strands of DNA w/ histones
  • Organelles, allows specialized compartments (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
  • Cytoskeleton, transport btw compartments
  • Much larger than prokaryotes

BIOL 130 (6 decks)

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