Unfinishednation Flashcards
House of Burgesses
July 30, 1619, delegates from various communities met as the first elected legislature within what was going to be the US.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Evidence of the struggle to define the Indian and white influence in Virginia. Led by Nathaniel Bacon and started off as an unauthorized military effort on the Indians. Bacon & his army turned against Berkeley and led tropps east to Jamestown. First time he was pardoned but the second time his agreement was repudiated. So, Bacon burned the city and drove the governor into exile (but died suddenly, letting Berkeley regain control) *Connected to the switch from indentured servent labor to slave labor
John Winthrop
The new governor elected by new owners who preferred to stay in England. He and other founders of Massachusetts believed they founded a holy commonwealth for the corrupt world to see and emulate
Navigation Acts
1) Closed colonies to all trade except that carried by English ships and required tobacco/others to be exported from colonies to England/English possessions (1660) 2) Required all goods sent from Europe to colonies to pass through England to be taxed (1663) 3) Imposed duties on coastal trade in English colonies and provided for the appointment of custom officials to enforce the Acts
Jamestown
The first English colony & it was chosen poorly as the site was low and swampy. It bordered the territories of powerful local Indians & for 17 years settlers would come. Every effort failed to make Jamestown a habitable and profitable colony. No real households/no permanent stake in the community (no women).
Tabacco Economy
The colonists’ first marketable crop was tobacco. By the early 17th century, tobacco from the Spanish colonies was already in wide use. Jamestown planter John Rolfe tried to cultivate the crop in Virginia.
Mayflower Compact
While aboard the Mayflower, the “saints” (Puritan Separatists) made an agreement to establish a government for themselves.
Glorious Revolution
A bloodless coup when James II fled to France and his Protestant daughter, Mary, and husband William of Orange assumed the throne (joint sovereigns)
Joint-Stock Company
A business entity which is owned by shareholders (the Virginia Company)
Act Concerning Religion
In 1649, this act was for a policy of religious toleration because the Calverts knew Catholics would always be a minority. Didn’t really work because of the tensions and even violence between the Catholics and Protestants.
Anne Hutchinson
An intelligent and charismatic woman who wanted to establish religious order in Massachusetts Bay. She argued that many clergy were not “elect” and therefore not a spiritual authority (Antinomian heresy). She challenged women’s roles in Puritan society and was later banished.
John Smith
At 27 was already a famous world traveler. He took control, imposed work and order on the community, and organized raids on close Indian villages to steal food and kidnap natives. After leaving Jamestown, he journeyed for Plymouth merchants and wrote a pamphlet about the lands, calling them New England.
Headright System
This system was designed when tobacco growers had demand for labor. Headrights were 50 acres grants of land; inhabitants received 100 acres while new settlers had one. Anyone who paid for the passage of immigrants to Virgina would receive an extra headright each arrival= large plantations.
Powhatan
The chief of the Powhatan Indians and the father of Pocahontas. When she was married, Powhatan ceased attacks on the English (overwhelming odds). When he died, his brother secretly planned to eliminate the English. The Powhatans were defeated 20 years later after killing 347 English people.
Lord Baltimore
George Calvert was the first and envisioned established a colony in America both for real estate and a refuge for English Catholics. The next Lord Baltimore (his son) received the charter to establish a colony in the Chesapeake region.
Plymouth Plantation
The Pilgrims could not create rich farms on the sandy and marshy soil around Plymouth, so they developed profitable trade of fish and furs.
King Philip’s War
The bloodiest and most prolonged encounter between whites and Indians in the 17th century. The Wampanoag rose up to resist the English. King Philip, Metacomet, was ambushed and killed, collapsing fragile alliances between tribes–whites crushed them.Very high casualties on both sides were a result of more advanced rifles.
The Middle Ground
Europeans and Indians living together in regions where neither side was able to establish clear dominance. Carved out ways of living together, with each side making concession to the other
Roger Williams
A controversial young minister who lived in Salem, MA. He was a confirmed Separatist who wanted to abandon all allegiance to the Church of England. He was voted to be deported but escaped to the Narragansett. He bought land and created Providence with followers, establishing a government without ties to the church.
Quakers
Followers of the Society of Friends (mid 17th century), under leaders George Fox and Margaret fell. They rejected predestination and original sin; they believed that all people had divinity within themselves and just had to cultivate it (all could attain salvation). No formal church government, no paid clergy, no wars, and they were unpopular.
Spanish “Middle Grounds”
Spanish colonies in the Southwest created to defend the empire from threats by other European powers (less to increase wealth of it)
John Rolfe
A Jamestown planter who tried to cultivate tobacco in Virginia, and soon after, planting spread up and down James.
William Berkeley
The royal governor of Virginia dominated the politics of the colony for more than 30 years. He helped open the interior of Virginia by sending explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains and crushing an Indian uprising (a treaty was made with them for terrirotry
Massachusetts Bay Company
Puritan merchants obtained a grant of land in New England, acquiring a charter from the king to create this and refuge in New England for Puritans
William Penn
Converted to Quakerism, took up evangelism, and sent repeatedly to prison. After his father died, Charles II granted a territory named Pennsylvania (after Penn’s father). Penn soon made PA prospering and the best-known colony because of his recruiting and planning. Indians respected him (he reimbursed them for the land) and they did not have major wars
Caribbean Slave Economy
Southern Carolina had close commercial ties to Barbados. African slavery had taken root on Barbados earlier than any of the mainland colonies, and white Caribbean migrants established a similar slave-based plantation society in Carolina. Demand for labor grew as sugar became popular, so English planters relied more heavily on enslaved Africans (4x as many than whites). Cheaper to buy slaves than protect the well-being of current ones.
Enlightenment
Suggested that people had substantial control over their own lives and societies, and the product of some of the great scientific/intellectual discoveries in Europe, encouraging people to look to themselves and their own intellect (not just God) for guidance. It produced interest in education and concern with politics/government
Participatory Democracy
Residents of a town held a yearly town meeting to decide important questions & choose “selectmen” who ran town affairs. Participation was generally for adult male members of the church.
Great Awakening
Began in 1730s (climax: 1740s) and emphasized the potential for every person to break away from the past and start anew in one’s relationship to God. Led to the division of existing congregations and to the founding of new ones = great cultural upheaval in the colonies
Social Distinctions (stratification)
More than in England, white people in America faced opportunities for social mobility and there were new forms of community that varied greatly in regions. (NEED TO EDIT)
Middle Passage
The long journey to the Americas, during which the prisoners were usually kept chained in the bowels of the slave ships and supplied minimal food and water. Name came from being the second of the three legs of the voyage. Substantial commerce in slaves grew in mid 17th century = more available black workers in North America
Triangular Trade
Mainland colonies trade with England, continental Europe, and the west coast of Africa. Suggested the process of merchants carrying rum and goods from New England to Africa, exchanged them for slaves, whom were transported to the West Indies, and then exchanged slaves for sugar and molasses, which went back to New England to be rum. (A group of adventurous entrepreneurs emerged by the mid-18th century as a distinct merchant class)
Poor Richard’s Almanac
The most famous almanac in the 18th century by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. Almanacs circulated throughout the colonies and even sparsely settled lands to the west. Gave America identity; Americans were different from British because they didn’t have almanacs.
John Peter Zenger
The 1734-1735 trial of this New York publisher ruled that criticisms of the government were not libelous if factually true. This removed some colonial restrictions on freedom of the press.
Indentured Servants
Temporary servitude of usually 4-5 years in exchange for passage to America, food, and shelter. Male indentures were to receive clothing, tools, and occasionally land upon completion; in reality, many left with nothing. This created serious social problems because many (mostly males) had no land, employment, families, and prospects. A decrease in birth rate and improved economic conditions reduced pressure to emigrate= less indentured servants –> relying on African slavery
Huguenots
French Calvinists (~300,000) who left Roman Catholic France for the English colonies after the Edict of Nantes (guaranteed substantial liberties) was revoked in 1685. Complimented the feature of the American population bringing together various races, ethnic groups, and nationalities.
Harvard
The first American college established in 1636 by Puritan theologians wanting to create a training center for ministers. (Indicated the value of education, but higher education remained only to a few white men)
Salem Witch Trials
The most famous outbreak when adolescent girls charged several West Indian servants steeped in voodoo lore of witchcraft. Hysteria spread throughout town & hundreds (most were women) were accused. 19 put to death before trials ended in 1692. Similar accusations of witchcraft spread through many New England towns, centered around women (many of low social positions, involved in domestic conflicts, accused of other crimes, and considered abrasive by neighbors & some who challenged the gender norms). Reflective of the religious character of New England societies.
Jonathan Edwards
Outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all and preached the traditional Puritan ideas of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God’s grace alone. (Led to the division of existing congregations and to the founding of new ones)
Slave Codes
Colonial assemblies passed “slave codes”, so permanent servitude (slavery) became legal in the 18th century. White masters had almost absolute authority over their slaves, and color was what determined whether a person was subject to the slave codes (not caring of mixed race over pure Africans).
Stono Rebellion
In 1739, 100 blacks rose up, seized weapons, killed several whites, and attempted to escape the south to Florida. The uprising was quickly crushed, and most participants were executed. (Slaves were often resistant of their masters)
Jeremiads
When ministers preached sermons of despair deploring the signs of waning piety. The progress of science and free thought caused some colonists to doubt traditional religious beliefs–New Englanders thought declension of piety was a serious problem.
Proclamation of 1763
Forbade settlers to go beyond the Appalachian Mountains (ineffective). British authorities failed to enforce limits to expansion, so in 1768, agreements with western tribes pushed the permanent boundary farther west. (Failed to stop the white from advancing)
Committees of Correspondence
Samuel Adams proposed this in Boston to publicize the grievances against England. Other colonies followed MA’s lead so the spirit of dissent was kept alive through the 1770s.
Sugar Act of 1764
Raised duty on sugar and lowered duty on molasses. Also established new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers (thus cutting them off from sympathetic local juries)
Sons of Liberty
Largest mob who rose up against the Stamp Act. They terrorized stamp agents in Boston, burned stamps, and attacked pro-British aristocrats (like Thomas Hutchinson whose house was pillaged and destroyed)
Intolerable Acts
1) Closing the port of Boston 2) Reduced powers of self-government in MA 3) Permitting royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England 4) Providing for the quartering of troops by colonists These backfired and sparked new resistance up and down the coast.
William Pitt
The English secretary of state (future prime minister) who brought the war for the first time fully under British control. Commanders began to forcibly enlist colonists (impressment) and seized supplies/shelter generally without compensation–caused friction between British authorities and colonists
Internal Vs. “External” Taxes
External- imports from overseas like lead, paint, paper, and tea Internal- what the Stamp Act taxed Townshend imposed the external taxes so that the colonists wouldn’t object. However, all colonies rejected the distinction between the taxes
Albany Plan
Delegates from PA, MD, NY, and New England met in Albany in 1754 to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois and approved a proposal by Benjamin Franklin to set up a “general government” managing relations with Indians.
Paxton Boys and Regulators
A band of PA frontiersmen who demanded tax relief and financial support for their defense against Indians. Indicted the grievances against authorities like in London. Regulators were farmers of the upcountry who organized and armed themselves to resist high taxes (revolt was crushed by militia men).
Virtual Representation
The many boroughs of England that had no representative in Parliament, Ireland, and the colonies–all were represented in the Parliament at London .
Lexington and Concord
NEED TO EDIT Not clear if these were the first battles of a war, but the War for Independence had begun.
Seven Years’ War
Late 1750s and early 1760s. Confirmed England’s commercial supremacy and cemented its control of the settled regions of North America. Also called the French and Indian War, it was the final stage in a long struggle among the three principal powers (English, French, and Iroquois)
Boston Massacre
Clashes between British soldiers and local workers were frequent. A mob of dockworkers began pelting sentries with rocks and snowballs, so several British soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5 people. British soldiers were found guilty of only manslaughter, but many Americans were convinced soldiers did official murder.
Stamp Act
Imposed a tax on every printed document in the colonies (newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses). Led to British officials collecting more than 10x as much annual revenue in America as they had before 1763–clearly for England to raise revenue from colonies without consent of colonial assemblies.
Declaratory Act
Confirmed parliamentary authority over colonies “in all cases whatsoever”, but in rejoicing, most Americans paid little attention to the ominous declaration of Parliament’s power
First Continental Congress
Delegates from all colonies except Georgia in September 1774 met in PA 1) Rejected plans for a colonial union under British authority 2) Endorsed moderate statement of grievances (addressed king as “Most Gracious Sovereign” and a demand for the repeal of all oppressive legislation passed since 1763) 3) Approved a series of resolutions (military preparations be made for defense against a possible attack by British troops in Boston) 4) Agreed to a series of boycotts to stop all trade with Great Britain (“Continental Association” to see agreements were enforced) 5) Delegates agreed to meet against the following spring
Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty
(133) Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1786 that called for complete separation of church and state. Americans believed religion should play some role in government, but they didn’t want to give special privileges to a particular denomination (church privileges stripped away).
Land Ordinance of 1785
(135) The Congress’ system for surveying and selling western lands. Revenue from federally reserved sections supported creation of a public school.
Northwest Ordinance
(137) 1787 response to criticism of selling best land to Ohio/Scioto Companies before selling to the public. This abandoned the ten districts established in 1784 and created a single Northwest Territory of northern Ohio lands (divided into 3-5 territories). Minimum of 60,000 people for statehood, guaranteed freedom of religion and the right to trial by jury, and prohibited slavery throughout.
Thomas Paine, “Common Sense”
(116) Pamphlet crystalizing colonists’ feelings that independence was the only remaining option in January 1776. Wanted to turn American anger away from parliamentary measure and towards the English constitution. (Common sense for Americans to break completely with political system that inflicted such brutality on its own people) Helped build support for independence in early 1776.
Continental Currency
(117) States printed currencies of their own. Inflation soared and Congress soon found that Continental currency was virtually worthless (financing the war mostly came by borrowing from other nations)
Battle of Saratoga
(121) John Burgoyne campaigned to divide the US in two (New England from south). Easily seized Fort Ticonderoga but was defeated twice after–October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered. Turning point of the war and a setback for Iroquois leaders (large Iroquois groups fled to Canada)
Lord Cornwallis
(124) Henry Clinton named him British commander in the South. His surrender in 1781 ended significant hostilities in North America.
Battle of Yorktown
(125) American and French troops had Cornwallis surrender on October 17, 1781. It was the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the British government negotiated an end to the conflict.
Loyalists
(126) Expected the British to win the war, so they were hounded by Patriots and harassed by legislative and judicial actions (100,000 fled). Those who fled to Canada established the first English-speaking community in Quebec.
Manumit
(127) VA and MD permitted slaveowners to free their slaves if they wished. This was the occasional challenge to slavery by white southerners but still, white support for slavery survived.
Dragging Canoe
(129) Chief of Cherokee who launched a series of attacks on outlying white settlements in 1776 (in western Carolinas and Virginia). Patriot militias ravaged Cherokee lands, forcing the chief and his followers to flee west. Those who remained agreed to a new treaty which gave up more land.
Abigail Adams
(130) Wrote to husband, John Adams, for new protections against abusive and tyrannical men in 1776.
Judith Sargent Murray
(130) Leading essayist of the late 18th century who wrote in 1779 women’s mind were as good as those of men and that girls as well as boys therefore deserved access to education. Little changed because although unmarried women had some rights, married women had none.
Articles of Confederation
(116, 134) November 1777, Congress adopted a plan for union which confirmed the existing weak, decentralized system. Broad disagreements over the plan became evident; small states wanted equal state representation, but large states wanted representation based on population. New York and Virginia had to give up western claims before the Articles were approved (effect in 1781)
Battle of Fallen Timbers
(137) General Anthony Wayne led 4,000 soldiers into the Ohio Valley in 1794 and defeated the Indians. As a result, negotiations resumed & a year later, Miami signed Treaty of Greenville that ceded substantial new lands to the US in exchange for formal acknowledgement of claim to the territory they retained.
Shay’s Rebellion
(138-139) Former captain in the continental army, Daniel Shays issued demands (paper money, tax relief, a moratorium on debts, and abolition of imprisonment for debt) that dissidents in CT and MA rallied behind. It was a failure (although producing some concessions to farmers); Shays and his lieutenants were sentenced to death but pardoned. MA offered some tax relief and postponement of debt payments. *Added urgency to the movement to produce a new, national constitution.
Great Compromise
Basis was produced by the “grand committee” chaired by Franklin and with one delegate from each state. Called for two-house legislature (lower: states represented by pop & slaves were 3/5 of a free person. upper: two members each state). Accepted in 1787, and stopped govt from stopping slave trade for 20 years. Left lots of unresolved issues (def. of citizenship, list of individual rights)
Bill of Rights
In 1789, Congress approved 12 amendments and 10 were ratified by the states by 1791. Nine placed limitations on the new government by forbidding to infringe on fundamental rights (freedom of religion, speech, & the press)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Used ideas of John Locke and the Tenth Amendment to argue that federal govt had been formed by a contract among the states and possessed only certain delegated powers. Republicans did not win wide support for nullification idea, but rose dispute with Federalists to a national crisis. Entire nation became bitterly politicized and state legislatures resembled battlegrounds
Virginia Plan
James Madison devised a plan for a new “national” government. This plan shaped the agenda of the convention from the moment Edmund Randolph of Virginia proposed the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary government. Less agreement because of two houses (lower: states represented in proportion to pop. upper: elected by lower)
Anti-federalists
Critics of Federalists (implying they had nothing to offer but opposition) led by Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams. Believed they were defenders of the true principles of the Revolution–thought the Constitution lacked a bill of rights. However, ratification proceeded 1787-1788
Alien and Sedition Acts
Placed new obstacles for foreigners wishing to became US citizens and strengthened president’s hand in dealing with aliens. (Discouraged immigration and encouraged foreigners to leave) Allowed govt to prosecute those engaged in sedition against govt. Republicans thought these were a Federalist campaign to destroy them. (Arrested/Convicted ten newspaper editors who criticized Federalists in govt)
New Jersey Plan
Smaller states might hav no members at the upper house (Virginia Plan), so William Paterson of NJ said for one house legislature (all states w/ equal representation) but give Congress ability to tax and regulate commerce. Rejected this plan but permitted members of upper house (the Senate) to be elected by legislatures.
The Federalist Papers
Under the joint pseudonym “Publius”, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay (political philosophers) wrote essays explaining the meaning and virtues of the Constitution.
Annapolis Conference
In 1786, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison (Virginia) and five state delegates convened in an interstate conference on commercial question. Decided to meet in Philadelphia the next year, and George Washington’s support (due to Shays’ Rebellion) gave he meeting wide credibility.
Hamilton’s Bank Bill
Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a national bank that provided loans and currency to businesses, give govt a safe place for depositing federal funds, facilitate collection of taxes, and provide a stable center to the nation’s small banking system. Required new sources of revenue (so proposed tax on alcohol and imports). Argued over because Congress had no authority to create one (not in Constitution), but Congress agreed (taxes as well). Led to small farmers complaining–organized political opposition arose.
Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures
In 1791, Hamilton outlined a plan for growth of industry and spoke of the advantages to society of a healthy manufacturing sector. This showed that the Federalists offered more than a stable new government. They offered a vision of a wealthy, enlightened ruling class, a vigorous independent commercial economy and a thriving manufacturing sector in America.
Midnight Appointments
Charges that said John Marshall stayed up until midnight on his last day in office to finish signing the new judges’ commissions. Nation was believed to be saved from tyranny
Judiciary Act of 1789
Congress provided for a Supreme Court of six members and system of lower district courts and courts of appeal. Gave power to make the final decision with the constitutionality of state laws.
Jay’s Treaty
Chief of Justice John Jay was instructed to secure compensation for the recent British assaults on American shipping, to demand withdrawal of British forces from their posts, and to negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain. Ultimately failed to achieve goals (1794), but settled conflict with Britain (avoiding war). Provided undisputed American sovereignty over Northwest and produced satisfactory commercial relationship.
Aaron Burr
Mobilized an organization of Revolutionary War veterans (tammany Society) to serves as a Republican political machine. The party carried New York by a large majority, and Jefferson was elected. He was too unreliable to trust with the presidency
XYZ Affair
Adams delted the names of the three French agents and designated them as Messrs (X, Y, Z). Provoked widespread outrage at France’s actions and strong popular support for the Federalists’ response. 1789-90, US was engaged in an undeclared war with France.
Pinckney’s Treaty
Treaty negotiated by Thomas Pinckney that was signed in 1795. Spain recognized the right of Americans navigating the Mississippi, agreed to fix the northern boundary of Florida, and commanded authorities to prevent Indians in Florida from launching raids across the border.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Federalists reduced number of Supreme Court justiceships by 1 but greatly increased number of federal judgeships. Appointed Federalists to newly created positions and leading Federalist, John Marshall, was to be chief justice.
Marbury v Madison
Marbury (midnight appointment) was refused by Madison to receive his commission, and the court said they had no right to force Madison’s hand
Republican Mother
Help trained the new generation for citizenship. Helped speed the creation of female academies throughout the nation (1789 Mass required public schools serve females and other states gradually followed)
John Quincy Adams
Along with Clay and gallatin, he led the American delegation. The final treaty did very little except end the fighting itself
Second Great Awakening
1801 there was a religious comeback…fighting spread of religious rationalism (Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists). Greatest surge of evangelical fervor since 1st GA and members were embracing revivalism)
Louisiana Purchase
Napolean offered this because he didn’t have resources to have to resources to establish empire in America. Livingston and Monore went to Paris (although had no authority) and accepted. US paid $15 million, grant exclusive commercial rights, and incorporated Louisiana people. Jefferson was pleased, but embarrassed because Constitution gave no direct authority. Congress approved and Louisiana went under US control (accepted and organized)
Embargo
Prohibited American ships from leaving the US for any foreign port. Widely evaded, ut effective enough to create serious depression–hardest hit were merchants and shipowners (Federalists). Persuaded England to repeal blockage, but repeal came too late to prevent war.
Battle of New Orleans
British forces were no match for Andrew Jackson’s well-protected men. US and Britain signed a peace treaty weeks before this battle
John Marshall
Chief of Justice who shaped many rulings and strengthened judiciary
Deism
God existed, but was no longer directed involved
Turnpike Era
Toll road of crushed stone that inspired difficult process of turnpike building, as horse-drawn vehicles could not travel at incline. There were complicated roads, and mt. roads were not built until gov. involved.
Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr supported and ran for governor (rumors were that he planned to sucede)
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident
Americans refused Brits to search, opened fire, and Brits took four men. America wanted revenge, but Jefferson expelled Brit ships and demanded an end to impressment. Instead, compensation was offered, but they refused to renounce impressment.
Tecumesh
The Shooting Star chief of the Shawnee emerged as the leader of these military efforts.
Battle of Tippecanoe
Disillusioned many of the Prophet’s followers and Tecumesh returned to find confederacy in disarray. Gov Harrison thought the only solution to make the West safe by driving British out of Canada and annex that province to the US.
Francis Scott Key
Recorded pride in the moment by writing Star Spangled Banner (old English drinking song).
Noble Savages
Native Americans (uncivilized but not uncivilizable). Hoped that schooling Indians would “uplift” tribes, but there were no efforts for African Americans.
Barbary States
Morocco, Algiers, Punis, Tripoli. They demanded annual tribute in exchange for protection; Jefferson was reluctant.Tripoli was unhappy, Am. Flag chopped down (war), which stopped payment of tribute, but paid the ransom
Northern Confederacy
Extreme Federalists (Essex Junto) thought only recourse for NE was to secede from the Union and form “northern confederacy”. For any hope, it would have to include NY and NJ as well, but Alexander Hamilton refused. Turned to Aaron Burr, who dueled Hamilton (H died).
William Henry Harrison
Advocate of westernland development… Harrison Law Land meant it was easier for white settlers to acquire farms. Gov of Indiana to propose to Indians to either convert or move (give up all tribal lands & US acquired lands). (Brits in Canada became defensive and befriended Indians)
War Hawks
Eager young congressmen who highly supported war
Midwifery
Physicians started to take over deliveries
Robert Fulton
Invented the steamboat; “Clermont” (1807) was large enough to carry passengers
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson acquired Lewis (who acquired Clark) to investigate geography and Indians. 1804-1806 Lewis & Clary with Sacajawea as interpretator from St. Louis
Impressment
British navy to its people: “floating hell”–most had to be impressed into service. Many would escape to American navy, but British raided ships and took both Brits and Am.
Macon’s Bill No.2
(185) Reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France
Tenskwatawa
…
Henry Clay
Elected Speaker of House in 1811 and appointed John Calhoun of SC to Committee of Foreign Affairs. Declaration of war against Britain
Hartford Convention
Delegates from NE states met in Hartford to discuss grievances against Madison admin. Reasserted right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the Constitution (to protect NE from growing influence of South and West)
Adams-Onís Treaty
(204) Spain ceded all of Floride to the US and gave up claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in Pacific Northwest. American govt gave up claims to Texas–for a time.
Missouri Compromise
(205) Combined Maine and Missouri proposals into a single bill; Maine would be free and Missouri a slave state. Happy resolution of a danger to the Union.
McCulloch v. Maryland
(206) 1819 Marshall confirmed “implied powers” of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of US. Unpopular in the South/West (states tried to drive out of business). States taxing could lead to them taxing it to death.
Worcester v. Georgia
(208) Georgia tried to regulate access to Cherokee country. Marshall invalidated law, and only federal govt had authority (empowered tribe like states, but under federal rule)
Monroe Doctrine
(209) 1823 JQA wrote Europe to stay our of LA (could not enforce, but British could… it was important to trade with America) recognized country’s independence
Andrew Jackson
(201,4) Commanded American troops along Florida… invaded and seized Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola (Seminole War). Demonstrated that US could easily take Florida by force
Second Bank of the United States
(196) More capital and couldn’t forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel state banks to issue only sound notes.
Protective Tariff
(196) End of war dimmed prospects for A industry. Congress passed a tariff law to limit competition from abroad (cotton cloth).
John Jacob Astor, America Fur Co.
(200) After War of 1812, JJAF Co extended operations from Great Lakes westward to Rockies. Trappers increased and mountain men closely bound up with market economy, which bulk of profits flowed to merchants, not trappers.
Era of Good Feelings
(201-203) Expansion of economy, growth of white settlement and trade in West, and creation of states all reflected rising spirit of nationalism.
James Monroe
(201) Decline of Federalists and no important international threats, so Monroe attempted to end partisan divisions and factional disputes.
John Quincy Adams
(202-203) Great diplomat and committed nationalist (promoted American expansion) Secretary of state, Adams began negotiations with Spain over Florida.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
(206) 1819 Further expanded contract clause of Constitution. Republicans tried to revise Dart C’s charter to convert from private to state uni. Daniel Webster argued… placed important restrictions on the ability of state govts to control corporations.
Gibbons v. Ogden
(207) Court strengthened Congress’ power to regulate commerce. Important issue was whether Congress’ power to give Gibbons a license superseded NY’s power to grant Odgen monopoly. Increased federal role in promoting economic growth and protected corporations from local govt interference.
Corrupt Bargain
-210
Tariff of Abominations
(211) Manufactured goods protected and (in South) raw materials cost more. When Adams signed, the South was angered
Cult of Domesticity/Separate Spheres
Middle class women developed a distinctive female culture. “Lady’s” literature emerged… purely domestic concerns. Provided women greater material comfort than in the past and placed high value on “female virtues”. Women outside the household were seen as a lower-class. Domestic service became frequent source of female employment.
Nativism
Viewed growing foreign population with alarm. Native American Association (1837) became NA Party (1845) and joined other nativist groups to form the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (1850). Demands included banning Catholics or alien from holding public office, enacting more restrictive naturalization laws, and establishing literacy test for voting.
Erie Canal
Simple ditch 40ft wide and 4ft deep with towpaths. Greatest construction projet Americans had ever undertaken. Provided a route to the Great Lakes and gave NY access to Chicago and growing markets of the West. Cheaper for western farmers to ship crops east, and inspired water connections between Lake Erie and Ohio River. Increased white settlement in the Northwest.
Corporations/Limited liability
Corporations- Combined resources of large # of shareholders developed rapidly in 1830s. LL- Individual stockholders risked losing only the value of their own investment (and not corporation’s larger losses) if enterprise failed. Made possible for larger manufacturing and business enterprises.
Lowell System
Common in MA, the system enlisted young women (farmers’ daughters in late teens/20s). Well fed, carefully supervised, had clean housing, and had relatively generous wages. Manufacturers could not maintain this for long and women protested. Switched over to immigrants for labor
Commonwealth v. Hunt/Craft Unions
Greatest legal victory (1842) in which state supreme court declared unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon (employers continued to resist). Manufacturers replaced striking workers with eager immigrants, which led workers channeling resentments into internal bickering. Transformed social relationships?
Know-Nothing Party
Against immigration. Members of the movement who crated a new political organization, the American Party, after the 1852 elections. Did well in Penn, NY, and won control of state government in Mass. After 1854, the party soon disappeared.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
First company to begin railroad operations, opening a 13mi stretch of track in 1830. By 1836, more than a thousand miles of track had been laid in 11 states.
Samuel F.B. Morse
1832 Morse found a way to send signals along an electrical cable (using pulses of electricity) and developed Morse code. Congress constructed an experimental telegraph line (1843) which worked…by 1860, more than 50,000mi of wire connected most parts of the country. Helped prevent accidents and benefitted American Journalism.
Irish Immigration
These poorly paid construction gangs performed heavy, unskilled work. Many lived in grim conditions that endangered health (of families, too). Factories became large, noisy, unsanitary, and dangerous. Women and children (no matter what skills) earned less than men.
Deskilling
Some artisans were unable to compete with new factory-made goods. Skilled workers formed societies, which failed, but did not end efforts by workers to gain control over their productive lives.
Central Park
(1850s) Result of pressure from high society members who wanted an elegant setting for daily carriage rides. Wealthy people looked for ways to display wealth, showing inequality?
Mary Lyon
Founded Mount Holyoke in MA as an academy for women. Women students were seldom encouraged to pursue education above the primary level, and they weren’t accepted in any college/uni until 1837.
Cyrus McCormick’s reaper
Took the place of a sickle, cradle, and hand labor which quickened harvesting pace. By 1860, more than 100,000 reapers were in use. Revolution in grain production.
Planter’s aristocracy
The planter aristocracy exercised power and influence far in excess of its numbers. The aristocratic ideal also found reflection in the definition of a special role for southern white women (men adopted “chivalry”)
Slave Codes
Forbade slaves to hold property, to leave their masters’ premises without permission to be out after dark, to congregate with other slaves (except church), to cary firearms, to testify in court against whites, or to strike a white person (even self-defense… but whites could kill slaves). Whites could not teach slaves to read/write or legalize slave marriages/divorces. Anyone with a trace was black. Enforcement was uneven.
Sambo image
The shuffling, grinning, head-scratching, deferential slave who acted what he recognized as the role the white world expected. Dominant response of blacks was complex (combo of adaptation and resistance).
Nat Turner
Slave preacher who led an uprising, killing 60 whites before overpowered (blacks were executed). Virginia State laws governing slavery became more rigid in response to the fears the revolt created among whites.
King Cotton
By the Civil War, coton constituted nearly two-thirds of the total export trade of the US. Drew settlers to lower South and hundreds of thousands of slaves moved from upper South to cotton states. Showed growing dominance of cotton in southern economy
De Bow’s Commercial Review
Called for southern commercial expansion and economic independence from the North. (Wasn’t that successful)
Varieties of slavery
Some slaves lived in almost prison-like conditions (rigidly and harshly controlled by masters), while most enjoyed considerable flexibility and autonomy.
Gabriel Prosser
Gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside Richmond, but two gave the plot away and Virginia militia stopped before it could begin. Slave revolts were rare but scared whites.
Black Christianity
Blacks throughout the South developed their own version of Christianity (more emotional, reflected African customs/practices). Used images to express dreams of present freedom.
Slave spirituals
Created more politically challenging music in privacy of their own religious services. Africans in America not only expressed faith but also lamented hope for freedom.
Pidgin
Simple, common language that retained some African words but drew mostly from English. Gradually grew more sophisticated but some features survived.
Manifest Destiny
(311) Ideology that reflected growing pride of American nationalism and the idealistic vision of social perfection.
Nueces River
(317) Debate over the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Texas said Rio Grande and Mexico said Nueces River. Polk sent a small army to protect against Mexicans.
Compromise of 1850
(323) Henry Clay presented… CA as a free state, formation of territorial governments in rest of lands from Mexico (no slavery restrictions), abolition of slave trade (not slavery), and new/effective fugitives slave law. Launched debate for months. New leaders took on and produced a compromise. Tyler died and Fillmore supported… victory of self-interest.
Kansas-Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas
(327,8) Douglas agreed to divide area into Nebraska and Kansas and became a law in May 1854. Produced immediate, sweeping, and ominous political consequences: destroyed Whigs, divided northern Democrats, and spurred creation of a new sectional (in composition and creed) party. Led to Republican Party. “Bleeding Kansas” was a powerful symbol of sectional controversy.
Free-soil ideology
(328) In North. Proper structure of society centered on “free soil” and “free labor.” White northerners believed existence of slavery was dangerous because of threats to whites. Right of all citizens to own property, control labor, and have access to opportunities for advancement.
Dred Scott Decision
(330) Dred Scott was a slave but taken into free territory, so he sued and 1850 circuit court declared him free. John Sanford (brother of the master) appealed to state supreme court which reversed decision. Scott appealed to fed… defeat for antislavery movement (not a citizen). FED GOVT WAS POWERLESS TO ACT ON ISSUE
Battle of San Jacinto
(312) 1836 Sam Houston defeated Mexican army and took Gen. Santa Anna prisoner, who signed a treaty giving Texas independence.
The Oregon Trail
(314) 2000 miles. Stretched from Independence across the Great Plains and through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. Arduous journey that was a very communal experience. Expansion pressures pushed US into war.
James K. Polk
(316) Democrat nominated because he wanted to re-occupy Oregon and re-annex Texas (won 1844 election). Texas became a state and resolved Oregon question
Fifty-four forty or fight!
(317) Conflict between US and Canada. Americans hoped to draw the northern boundary of their part of Oregon. British accepted 49th parallel.
Mexican War
(318) 1846 US declared war. Whigs charged that Polk deliberately put country in conflict (and lied about attack).
Stephen W. Kearny
(318) Polk became wary of Zach Tyler, so in 1846 Kearny was sent. Brought disparate American forces together under his command and by autumn 1846 captured California.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
(319) Nicholas Trist negotiated settlement with Mexico in 1848. Mexico ceded California & New Mexico to US and agreed on Rio Grande as the boundary.
Zachary Taylor
(321) Nominated by Whigs for being the hero of Mexico War but without political experience in 1848 election (he won by narrow margin).
Free-Soil Party
(321, 2) For keeping slavery out of territories (some were for blacks and others were for whites). Attracted the support of large numbers of the white population of the North…. Emerged in 1848 by opponents of slavery & chose Martin Van Buren. Elected 10 members to Congress and signaled the inability of existing parties to contain political passion slavery was creating. Early sign of collapse in 1850s.
Forty-niners
(322) California migrants who abandoned farms, jobs, homes, and families for overland trails. 95% white men and society in California was volatile because of the absence of white women, children/families. Tiny fraction found gold, but many stayed and helped agricultural and urban populations of the territory.
Gadsden Purchase
(326) James Gadsden persuaded Mexican government to accept $10 million in exchange for parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Only accentuated sectional rivalry.
Stephen A. Douglas
(326) Leader of northwestern Democrats who wanted the railroad for Illinois’ section. Introduced 1854 bill to organize a huge new territory (Nebraska).
Republican Party
(327) Won enough seats in Congress to permit them (in combination with allied Know-Nothings) to organize House of Reps.
John Brown
(328) Abolitionists who moved to Kansas to make it a free state. Gathered 6 followers and in one night murdered pro-slavery settlers. Potttawatomie Massacre.
Preston Brooks
(328) Member of House of Reps from SC. Brooks beat Charles Sumner for his speech. Became a hero in the South (while Sumner became a hero in the North as a martyr of South barbarism) and returned to SC and was successfully reelected.
Slave power conspiracy
(329) Wanted to destroy northern capitalism and replace with a closed, aristocratic system of the South… only solution was to fight spread of slavery and extend the nation’s democratic (free labor) ideals to all the country. Republican Party
James Buchanan
(330) From Penn and nominated for Democratic party because he wasn’t associated with “Bleeding Kansas.” Won 1856 election but was timid and indecisive during financial panic and a depression.
Abraham Lincoln
(332) Opposition to slavery was fundamental (not an abolitionist but believed it was morally wrong). Right after his election, process of disunion began (Civil War!) because white southerners knew their position in Union was hopeless.
Fort Sumter
(338,9) James Buchanan refused to yield when SC demanded it. 1861, he sent an unarmed merchant ship with addition tropps and supplies, but Confederate guns turned it back. Confederacy established (neither was ready for war)
Draft riots
(342) 1863 Congress passed a draft law… opposition was widespread among laborers, immigrants, and Democrats. Erupted into violence (rioted for four days in NYC 1863–left over 100 dead).
The Emancipation Proclamation
(344) 1863 Lincoln declared forever free the slaves inside the Confederacy. Did not apply to Union slave states (nor those under Union control) but clearly established the war was being fought not to preserve the Union but to eliminate slavery.
U.S. Grant
(350) 1864 Lincoln’s general. He was trusted to command the war effort because he shared Lincoln’s belief in unremitting combat and in making enemy armies/resources the target (not territory).
Robert E. Lee
(358) Replaced Confederate troop leader…. Recalled Stonewall Jackson from Shenandoah valley. Launched a new offensive (Battle of Seven Days) to cut McClellan off base, but McClellan fought across to set a new base.
Gettysburg
(363) Lee withdrew from Gettysburg… major turning point in the war. Now Confederate forces were not able to seriously threaten Northern territory.
William T. Sherman, “March to the Sea”
(365) William Sherman left Atlanta with army for sixty-mile-wide swath of desolation across Georgia. Wanted to deprive Confederate army of war materials and railroad communications but also break the will of Southerners by burning towns and plantations. Continued through SC and a small force didn’t do anything….
Crittenden Compromise
(339) Proposed reestablishing Missouri Compromise line and extending westward to Pacific (slavery prohibited north and permitted south). However, the compromise required Republicans to abandon that slavery not be allowed to expand, so it was rejected (nothing resolved)
Homestead Act
(340) 1862 Permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to purchase 160 acres of public land for a small fee after living on it for five years.
Morrill Land Grant Act
(340) Transferred public acreage to state govts which could sell land and use proceeds to finance public education. Led to new state colleges and universities.
Greenback dollar
(342) Printing paper currency not backed by gold or silver but the good faith and credit of govt. Value fluctuated. Largest source of financing for the war was loans.
Copperheads
(343) Peace Democrats (Lincoln’s greatest political problem). Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended right of speedy trail. 1862 said all persons who discouraged enlistments were subject to martial law.
Thirteenth Amendment
(344) Areas not affected by EP=antislavery strengthened. 1865 Congress abolished slavery in all parts of the US.
The Sanitary Commission
(345) Presented nursing as a profession that made use of the same maternal, nurturing roles women played as wives and mothers. Saw the war as an opportunity to win support.
Confederate States of America
(346) Confederate constitution was almost identical to US Constitution with exceptions… acknowledging sovereignty of individual states (not secession) and sanctioned slavery (abolition impossible).
