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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF. Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Socrates and what is his primary concern regarding the self?

A

Socrates was a Greek philosopher who was primarily concerned with the subject of the self.

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2
Q

What are the two components that compose the self according to Socrates?

A

body and the soul.

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3
Q

How does Socrates differentiate between the body and the soul?

A

individuals have an imperfect or impermanent aspect (the body) while maintaining a perfect and permanent aspect (the soul).

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4
Q

What does Socrates mean by “an unexamined life is not worth living”?

A

Socrates believed that an unexamined life, one without self-reflection and introspection, is not worth living.

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5
Q

How did Plato build upon Socrates’ ideas about the self?

A

Plato supported Socrates’ idea that man is a dual nature of body and soul

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6
Q

What are the three components of the soul? give its meaning

A

the rational soul - the rational part
the spirited soul - the feelings
and the appetitive soul - basic needs in maslows hiarchy

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7
Q

What does Plato mean by stating, “The first and the best victory is to conquer self”?

A

Plato believed that the greatest victory is the mastery of one’s own desires and impulses, which is achieved through self-knowledge and self-control.

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8
Q

How does Aristotle define the human person?

A

Aristotle defines the human person as a rational animal.

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9
Q

What is Aristotle’s famous quote regarding self-knowledge?

A

Aristotle famously stated, “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”

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10
Q

What does Augustine believe about the nature of the self?

A

Augustine believed that the self consists of both the body and the soul. The body is physical and subject to desires, while the soul is the seat of consciousness and connects to God.

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11
Q

How does Augustine view the relationship between the body and the soul?

A

Augustine agreed with the idea that man is of a bifurcated nature, with the body and soul being distinct yet interconnected aspects of the self.

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12
Q

What are the two parts that Thomas Aquinas identifies in man?

A

man has two parts: matter and form.

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12
Q

How does Thomas Aquinas define matter and form?

A

Matter (hyle) is the common stuff that makes up everything in the universe, while form (morphe) is the essence of a substance or thing.

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13
Q

famous statement of RENE DESCARTES

A

Cognito Ergo Sum “I think, therefore, I am”

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14
Q

What is Descartes’ view on the relationship between the body and the mind?

A

RENE Descartes believed that the body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind.

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15
Q

Damous statement of John Locke

A

The Self is Consciousness

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16
Q

What is David Hume’s perspective on the concept of self?

A

David Hume believed that there is no stable thing called the self, as the self is nothing but a complex set of successive impressions or perceptions.

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17
Q

What are the3 types of selves that Sigmund Freud identifies? please elaborate

A

ID instinctual drives and desires (the “pleasure principle”).
THE EGO is the rational part of the personality.
SUPEREGO is the moral component.

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17
Q

How is the self connected to the organization of impressions according to Emmanuel Kant?

A

along with the different apparatuses of the mind goes the “self,” and without the self, one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in relation to one’s own existence.

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18
Q

What is Gilbert Ryle’s view on the concept of the self?

A

self is a pattern of behavior. It’s not a thing or substance that can be isolated and examined.

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19
Q

What is Paul Churchland’s assertion about the relationship between the self and the brain?

A

the physical brain, not the imaginary mind, gives us our sense of self.

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20
Q

How does Maurice Merleau-Ponty define the self?

A

Merleau-Ponty defines the self as an “embodied subjectivity,” emphasizing the inseparable connection between the mind and body.

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21
Q

What is the significance of embodied subjectivity in Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy?

A

Merleau-Ponty believed that the mind and the body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one anothe

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22
Q

What is the concept of the Looking Glass Self?

A

sociological concept that suggests individuals develop their self-concept based on their perceptions of how others view them.

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23
What are the three phases of the Looking Glass Self?
1st Phase: individuals imagine how they appear to others. They form an idea of their physical appearance and behavior from the perspective of those around them. 2nd Phase: individuals anticipate the judgments and evaluations that others might make about their appearance. They predict how others will react to them based on their looks. 3rd Phase: individuals experience emotional reactions based on their expectations of how others will judge them. Positive expectations may lead to feelings of pride and confidence, while negative expectations can result in feelings of shame or insecurity.
24
What role does observational learning play in self-evaluation?
Observational learning allows individuals to gather information about how they are perceived by observing the behaviors of others.
24
What is self-esteem?
Self-esteem is the belief in one's own value and worth to others. It encompasses a positive or negative orientation toward oneself and involves an overall evaluation of one's worth.
25
What is personal efficacy?
belief in one's ability to overcome obstacles and achieve goals.
26
What does social behaviorism emphasize regarding the development of self?
emphasizes the importance of social interaction in shaping the self. Through interactions with others and learning to take their perspectives, individuals develop a sense of self and identity.
27
What are the central concepts of the self according to Mead?
The self is composed of SELF- AWARENESS (the ability to reflect on oneself) and SELF - IMAGE (the perception of oneself
28
How do humans communicate meaning according to Mead?
Humans communicate meaning through the exchange of symbols, which include both verbal language and physical actions.
29
What are the three stages of self-development according to Mead?
Preparatory Stage: In this stage, children imitate others without fully understanding the meanings behind their actions. They learn basic social skills and behaviors through observation. Play Stage: Children begin to take on specific roles, such as pretending to be their parents. They develop a sense of self by understanding and responding to the expectations of significant others. Game Stage: Children learn to consider the perspectives of multiple people simultaneously. They internalize societal values and norms, developing a generalized sense of "the other."
30
What are the subjective and objective sides of the self?
The "I" represents the spontaneous and creative aspect of the self, while the "Me" is the socialized self shaped by societal expectations and interactions.
31
How does Goffman describe people in social contexts?
actors who perform different roles in various social settings, similar to actors on a stage.
32
What is impression management?
a process by which individuals strategically present themselves to create desired impressions on others.
33
What is the difference between front stage and back stage behavior?
Front stage behavior refers to how individuals act in public settings. Back stage behavior occurs in private settings, where individuals can relax and be themselves without the pressure of public scrutiny.
34
What does it mean to "lose face"?
"Losing face" refers to the embarrassment or discomfort
35
How does Goffman describe patterned behavior in social interactions?
human behavior can appear spontaneous, it is often predictable and influenced by social norms.
36
What does the Greek word "logos" translate to in English?
the study of.
37
What is the meaning of the Latin word "socius"?
companion" or "associate."
38
What is socializing, and who does it typically involve?
Socializing refers to the act of interacting and mixing with others, typically involving family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers.
39
How would you define socialization?
individuals learn to become functioning members of society by learning the acceptable behaviors and attitudes within their culture or group.
40
Why is socialization essential for the survival and effective functioning of society?
* Essential for effective functioning and survival of society * Process of learning and internalizing cultural norms, values, and behaviors
41
How does the environmental perspective (nurture) influence a person's identity?
relationships, experiences, and the environments a person is exposed to.
42
What does the genetic perspective (nature) focus on in terms of personal characteristics?
genetic perspective focuses on characteristics such as temperament, interests, and talents, which are determined by genetic makeup and biological factors.
43
What is the difference between the nature and nurture perspectives in shaping identity?
nature perspective focuses on characteristics determined by genetic makeup and biological factors nurture perspective emphasizes the role of relationships, experiences, and environments in shaping identity.
44
What are the key components involved in the process of socialization?
learning and internalizing cultural norms, values, and behaviors.
45
Describe Freud's Oral Stage of psychosexual development
46
What is the focus of the Anal Stage in Freud's theory, and what age range does it encompass?
Anal Stage focuses on bowel and bladder control and occurs from 2 to 3 years of age, with the development of autonomy and a sense of order.
47
During which stage of Freud's psychosexual development are sexual feelings repressed, and what is the main focus of this stage?
Sexual feelings are repressed during the Latency Stage, which occurs from 6 years to puberty. The main focus is on social interactions, learning, and skill development.
47
What are the key features of Freud's Phallic Stage, and what developmental challenges are associated with this stage?
The Phallic Stage occurs from 3 to 6 years of age, with awareness of bodies and gender differences.
48
What occurs during the Genital Stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
During the Genital Stage, which occurs from puberty to adulthood, sexual maturation takes place, and individuals seek mature relationships.
49
Who was Erik Erikson, and what was his contribution to psychology?
Erik Erikson was a German-American psychologist who developed a theory of personality development that expanded on Freud's work, emphasizing social factors throughout the lifespan.
50
How did Erikson's theory of personality development expand on Freud's work?
Erikson expanded Freud's theory by focusing on psychosocial development across the entire lifespan, rather than just childhood, and emphasized the importance of social factors.
51
What is the main crisis in the Trust vs. Mistrust stage, and what are the possible outcomes?
The crisis is developing trust in oneself and others. Consistent care leads to trust, while inconsistent care leads to mistrust.
51
What did Erikson emphasize in his theory of psychosocial development?
Erikson emphasized social factors and their influence on personality development throughout the lifespan.
52
During which age range does the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage occur, and what is the main focus?
This stage occurs during early childhood, from 1 to 3 years, and focuses on independence and control over the body and environment.
53
What is the crisis faced in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage, and what outcomes can result from it?
The crisis is taking initiative in activities and social interactions. Encouragement fosters initiative, while excessive punishment leads to guilt.
54
What is the focus of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, and what are the potential outcomes?
The focus is on developing a sense of competence and pride in abilities. Praise develops industry, while failure leads to feelings of inferiority.
55
What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, and what age range does it cover
The first stage is the Sensorimotor Stage, covering the age range from birth to 2 years.
55
In the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage, what is the primary crisis, and what are the potential results?
The primary crisis is establishing a personal identity. Successful exploration leads to a stable identity, while failure results in role confusion.
56
Who was Jean Piaget, and what is he known for?
Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known for his influential theory of cognitive development in children, which outlines how social interactions shape cognitive growth.
57
What key concept do infants develop during the Sensorimotor Stage?
Infants develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
58
What is the second stage of cognitive development, and what age range does it encompass?
The second stage is the Preoperational Stage, which encompasses the age range from 2 to 7 years.
59
What are two characteristics of thinking in the Preoperational Stage?
Children begin using language and engaging in symbolic play
60
What cognitive ability emerges during the Concrete Operational Stage?
Logical thinking emerges, enabling children to understand concrete concepts and operations, such as conservation.
61
What are the key principles of Piaget's theory regarding cognitive development?
Jean Pigaet's a continuous process that occurs in a fixed sequence, children actively construct their understanding of the world
62
Who was Lawrence Kohlberg, and what is he known for?
Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist known for his theory of moral development. how individuals learn to differentiate right from wrong
63
How many levels are there in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and what are they?
Pre-conventional Level, Conventional Level, and Post-conventional Level.
64
What characterizes the Pre-conventional Level of moral development?
morality is externally controlled, and decisions are made to avoid punishment or seek rewards
65
What is the focus of the Conventional Level in Kohlberg's theory?
focuses on conforming to social rules and expectations
66
What defines the Post-conventional Level of moral development?
morality guided by internal principles and ethics. individuals recognize universal moral principles
67
What are the key aspects of psychological theories as mentioned in the context of Kohlberg's work?
Psychological theories focus on internal processes and the mind, emphasizing individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
68
What criticism has Kohlberg's theory faced regarding its applicability across different cultures?
potential cultural bias
68
How do sociological theories differ from psychological theories in understanding behavior?
focus on external influences, interactions, and society. shapes individuals beliefs
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69
According to Kohlberg, can individuals skip stages in their moral development?
No, Kohlberg believed that individuals cannot skip stages; they must progress through each stage in a fixed order
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