Understanding the Self Flashcards
It employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of everything.
Philosophy
Pertains to the desire for truth by formulating never-ending questions to provide answers to every inquiry about the nature of human existence.
Love of Wisdom
Who were the three greek philosophers that introduced the philosophical framework for understanding the self?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Who suggested the “know thyself”?
Socrates
Did the philosophers agree that self-knowledge is a prerequisite to a happy and meaningful life?
Yes
A subject that presents various philosophers offering multiple perspectives on just about any topic including the self.
Philosophy
Define Dualism
A belief that we have two elements - body and soul
How did we know about Socrates?
Through his students (Plato & Aristotle)
What is the greek aphorism of “know thyself”?
Gnothi Seauton
Who posited that “one could act according to his/her own definition of the self without any doubt and contradiction”?
Socrates
What are Socrates’s basic questions?
“Who am I?”, “What is the purpose of my life?”, “What am I doing here?”, or “What is justice?”
Knowing one’s capabilities and potential. It is through ______ that one’s self emerges
Self-knowledge
Possession of ______ is virtue and _______ is vice.
knowledge and ignorance
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know ______”
nothing
There is no right or wrong answers to the question posited by ______.
Socrates
For Socrates, every man is composed of?
Body and Soul
Every human person is ________, that is, composed of two important aspects of his personhood.
Dualistic
For Socrates, all individuals have an _________ aspect to him and the body
imperfect, impermanent
The soul according to Socrates is?
Perfect and Permanent
What is the ruler of the body to Socrates?
Soul
_____- pre-existed the body, and _____ is what makes the body alive.
Soul
Who was the greek philosopher and was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle?
Plato
According to Plato, man is a ______- ______ of body and soul.
Dual Nature
What are the three components of the soul to Plato?
Rational Soul, Spiritual Soul, and Appetitive Soul
In his magnum opus, “The Republic” Plato emphasizes that justice in the human person can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are working ______.?
Harmoniously with one another
Forged by reason and intellect has to govern the affairs of the human person.
Rational Soul
In charge of the emotions and should be kept at bay.
Spirited Soul
In charge of basic desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex are controlled as well.
Appetitive Soul
Plato argued that the soul is external and constitutes the ________ _____ because even after death, the continues to exist.
Enduring the Self
St.Augustine agreed that man is of a _______ nature.
bifurcated
The ____ is bound to die on earth and the ____ is to anticipate living eternally.
Body & Soul
The goal of every human person is to attain this ________ and ________ with the Divine by living his life on earth in virtue.
Communion & Bliss
Individual identity: the idea of the self. This is achieved through a ________.?
Twofold Process
Self-presentation, which leads to _______.?
self-realization.
Who is the Father of Modern Philosophy?
Rene Descartes
What is the famous treatise of Rene Descartes?
The Meditations of First Philosophy
Translate “cogito ergo sum.”
“I think, therefore, I am.”
The self for Descartes is a combination of two distinct entities, the ______, the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and the _______ or extension of the mind, which is the body.
Cogito & Extenza
For Descartes, the body is nothing but a ______ that is attached to the mind.
Machine
Western Philosophy is largely based on the writings of?
Rene Descartes
For Rene, Man is a?
Rational Animal
What is the word derived from the surname of Descartes? That means finding a way of making things possible.
Diskarte
John Locke’s main philosophy is that the self is founded on?
Consciousness or Memory
Locke supports that _________ can be transferred from one substance (body & soul) to another.
consciousness
This concept posits that everyone started as a blank slate, and the content is provided by one’s experiences over time.
Tabula Rasa
A Scottish philosopher and has a very unique way of looking at a man.
David Hume
Is the school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced.
Empiricism
The self is nothing else but a bundle of?
Impressions
Are the basics objects of our experiences
Impressions
The copies of our impressions
Ideas
Hume’s materialism views the soul as a product of the?
Imagination
Any concept of the self is simply _____ and ______
memory and imagination
A german philosopher that theorized consciousness is formed by one’s inner and outer senses.
Immanuel Kant
Comprised of one’s psychological state and & intellect
Inner Sense
Consists of one’s senses and the physical world
Outer Sense
The consciousness of oneself and of one’s psychological state or inner sense.
Empirical self-consciousness
The consciousness of oneself and of one’s state via acts of apperception.
Transcendental Apperception
The faculty that allows for application of concepts
Appperception
Without the ____, one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in relation to his own existence.
Self
Sex urges
Libido
Unconscious motives of which we are not aware lie where?
Substrata of our consciousness
Freud believed that all human behavior is energized by
Psychodynamic Forces
What are the two kinds of biological Instincts?
Eros (life instinct) & Thanatos (death Instinct)
Helps the individual survive; directs life-sustaining activities Ex. respiration, eating, sex
Eros or life instinct
Viewed as the destructive forces present in all human beings. Ex. destructive acts like arson, murder, war
Thanatos (death instinct)
What are the three fundamental structures of the human mind according to Freud
Id, Ego, & Superego
The most primitive out of the three structures. Urges without fear of consequences nor regard for discipline.
Id
Id occupies the _____ of the mind
unconscious level
Moral arm of the personality or obey the morality principle. Serves as the conscience.
Superego
It is less primitive than the Id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious.
Ego
What are the three levels of mind according to Freud?
The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
Freud likened the three levels of mind to an?
Ice-berg
Contains all of the thoughts of which we are aware at any given moment.
The conscious mind
Contains all of the thoughts of which we are not aware of at the moment.
The preconscious mind
Contains all of the thoughts of which we are not aware at the moment.
The preconscious mind
Is a reservoir of feelings. Contains all of the thoughts of which we are not aware or that are outside of our conscious awareness.
The unconscious mind
British Philosopher that opposed Rene Descrates
Gilbert Ryle
Ryle supported the basic notions of?
behavioristic psychology
What is Gilbert Ryle’s theory called?
Logical Behaviorism or Analytical Baheviorism
In his work Concept of Mind (1949), Ryle described Descartes’ mind-body dualism as?
“ghost in the machine”
Ryle posited the saying?
” I act, therefore I am.”
For Ryle, the self is a combination of the ___ and the ___.
Mind & Body
They introduced eliminative materialism and they are also neuroscientists.
Paul & Patricia Churchland
A radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist.” (Ramsey,2013)
Eliminative Materialism
For them, the is nothing but the brain, or simply, the self is contained entirely within the physical brain.
The Churchlands
One must study the _____, not just the ____.
Brain & Mind
Is a french phenomenological philosopher.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Ponty says that the mind and body are so ______ that they cannot be separated from one another.
Intertwined
Maurice Merleau-Ponty distinguished the body into two types.
Subjective and objective body
As lived and experienced
Subjective Body
As observed and scientifically investigated
Objective Body
