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Principles of Health Science > understanding the human body: bones > Flashcards

understanding the human body: bones Flashcards

1
Q

Flat Bones

A

protect internal organs, sound as they look, flat, ex. sternum, scapula

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2
Q

long bones

A

support the weight of our body and facilitate movement, longer than they are wide, ex. femur, humerus, phalanges

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3
Q

short bones

A

provide stability and some movement, as long as they are wide, ex. lunate, calcaneus

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4
Q

irregular bones

A

vary in shape and size, shapes are fairly complex in nature to help protect internal organs, ex. pelvis, vertebral column

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5
Q

sesamoid bones

A

bones embedded in tendons, small round bones found in knee and feet, designed to protect tendons from stress and wear

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6
Q

function of bones

A

support structure and shape of body, provide anchor points that muscles pull on to cause motion, storage spot for calcium and phosphorus, blood is formed in the bones

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7
Q

bone composition

A

collagen, inorganic calcium salts, vitamin D

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8
Q

collagen

A

chief organic constituent (protein)

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9
Q

Vitamin D

A

essential for absorption of calcium

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10
Q

bone tissue

A

osseous tissue

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11
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblast embedded within the bone matrix

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12
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building, bone repairing cells in the periosteum

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13
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells responsible for the breakdown and resorption of bone

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14
Q

compact (bone tissue)

A

hard dense bone found in the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones, outer layer of other bones

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15
Q

spongey (bone tissue)

A

larger spacing than compact bones, found at end of long bones (epiphysis) and center of other bones

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow center of long bones that contains bone marrow

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17
Q

red bone marrow

A

manufactures blood cells, found at end of long bones and center of other bones

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18
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

mostly fat, found in central cavity of long bones

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19
Q

bone membranes

A

the membranes contain bone forming cells that aid in growth and repair

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20
Q

periosteum

A

covers outside surface of bones

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21
Q

endosteum

A

lines the marrow cavity of a bone

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22
Q

growth begins at

A

center of diaphysis

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23
Q

growing forms a line across _______ which can be seen on an x ray

A

epiphysis

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24
Q

bone repairs itself during

A

active bone formation

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25
Q

females are done growing around age

A

14-15

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26
Q

males are done growing around age

A

16

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27
Q

have more difficulty repairing fractures due to bone renewal process being slower

A

elderly

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28
Q

head

A

round knob-like end separated from rest of body by a slender region

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29
Q

process

A

large projections of a bone

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30
Q

crest

A

distinct border or ridge, usually rough

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31
Q

spina

A

sharp projections from bone surface

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32
Q

tubercle

A

round nodule, small eminence

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33
Q

foramen

A

hole that allows a vessel or nerve to pass through or between bone

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34
Q

sinus

A

air space in some skull bones

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35
Q

fossa

A

depression on a bone surface

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36
Q

meatus

A

short channel or passage way

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37
Q

axial division

A

head, vertebral column, thorax

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38
Q

appendicular division

A

shoulder girdle, upper and lower extremities, pelvic girdle

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39
Q

cranium (bones in skull)

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital

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40
Q

facial bones

A

mandible, maxillae, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae

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41
Q

other bones in the skull

A

ossicles, hyoid

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42
Q

ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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43
Q

infant bone in the skull

A

fontanelles

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44
Q

vertebral column

A

cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacrum(5 fused), coccyx(4-5 fused)

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45
Q

thorax

A

sternum and ribs

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46
Q

sternum

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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47
Q

ribs

A

true 1-7, false 8-10, floating 11-12

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48
Q

shoulder girdle

A

clavicle, scapula

49
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

50
Q

scapula

A

shoulder bone

51
Q

upper extremities

A

humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpal, phalanges

52
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

53
Q

ulna

A

forearm bone on medial side

54
Q

radius

A

forearm bone on lateral side

55
Q

carpal bones

A

wrist bones

56
Q

metacarpal

A

hand bones

57
Q

phalanges

A

finger and toe bones

58
Q

pelvic girdle

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

59
Q

ilium

A

upper flared part

60
Q

ischium

A

lowest and strongest part

61
Q

pubis

A

anterior part joined by a joint called symphysis pubis

62
Q

lower extremities

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges

63
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

64
Q

patella

A

knee cap

65
Q

tibia

A

shin bone, longer and stronger

66
Q

fibula

A

shin bone on lateral side of lower leg

67
Q

tarsal bones

A

foot bones

68
Q

metatarsal

A

framework of instep

69
Q

joints

A

a junction or union between bones aka articulation

70
Q

fibrous (joints)

A

immovable (synarthrosis) held together by fibrous connective tissue

71
Q

cartilaginous (joints)

A

slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) joints connected by cartilage

72
Q

synovial (joints)

A

freely moveable (diarthrosis)

73
Q

gliding joints

A

bone surfaces slide over eachother

74
Q

hinge joint

A

allows movement in one direction changing angle of bone and joint

75
Q

pivot joint

A

allows rotation around the length of a bone

76
Q

condyloid joint

A

allows movement in two directions (ellipsoidal)

77
Q

saddle joint

A

like condyloid joint with deeper articulating surfaces

78
Q

ball and socket joint

A

allows movement in many directions around a central point

79
Q

flexion

A

bending motion that decreases angle between bones

80
Q

extension

A

straightening motion that increases angle between bones

81
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline of body

82
Q

adduction

A

movement towards midline of body

83
Q

circumduction

A

combination of movements that allows motion to make a circle

84
Q

supination

A

turning palms up

85
Q

pronation

A

turning palms down

86
Q

inversion

A

turning sole of foot inward

87
Q

eversion

A

turning slow of foot outward

88
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending foot up at ankle

89
Q

plantar flexion

A

pointing toes downward

90
Q

protraction

A

scapula movement away from spine

91
Q

retraction

A

scapula movement toward spine

92
Q

elevation

A

upward/superior movement, shoulder shrug

93
Q

depression

A

downward/ inferior movement

94
Q

upward rotation

A

turning the glenoid fossa upward

95
Q

downward rotation

A

returning glenoid fossa down to anatomical position

96
Q

internal rotation

A

movement of a long bone in the transverse plane toward midline

97
Q

external rotation

A

movement of a long bone in the transverse plane away from the midline

98
Q

dislocation

A

derangement of the parts of the joint

99
Q

sprain

A

stress placed on joint exceeding normal stresses causing damage to ligaments that support the joint

100
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joint

101
Q

osteoarthritis

A

a degenerative joint disease that occurs in personas due to normal wear and tear

102
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

a crippling condition characterized by swelling of the joints in hands feet and other body parts as a result of inflammation and overgrowth of the synovial membranes and other joint tissue

103
Q

septic (infectious arthritis)

A

when bacteria spreads to the joint tissue usually by way of blood stream

104
Q

gout

A

due to metabolic disturbance which causes an accumulation of uric acid that forms crystals which deposits as masses around the joints and other parts of the body

105
Q

cleft palate

A

congenital deformity in which there is an opening in the roof of the mouth owing to faulty union of the maxillary bone, can be corrected by surgery

106
Q

osteoporosis

A

disorder of bone formation in which there is a lack of normal calcium salt deposits and a decrease in protein, bones become very fragile

107
Q

tumors

A

abnormal cell growth in bones, can be benign such as cyst or malignant such as osteosarcoma

108
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback, an exaggeration of the thoracic curve

109
Q

lordosis

A

sway back, an excessive lumbar curve (seen mostly in pregnant)

110
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the vertebral column

111
Q

changing with aging

A

loss of calcium salts, decreased production of collagen, thinning of intervertebral discs

112
Q

closed bone fracture

A

simple, no open wound

113
Q

open bone fracture

A

broken bone protrudes through the skin

114
Q

greenstick bone fracture

A

one side of bone is broken and other is bent

115
Q

impact fracture

A

the broken ends of bones are jammed into eachother

116
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone is splintered or crushed

117
Q

spiral fracture

A

bone is twisted apart

118
Q

depressed fracture

A

bone becomes depressed after blunt force trauma

Principles of Health Science (3 decks)

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