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PROJECT SCHEDULING TEST #2 > understanding Research > Flashcards

understanding Research Flashcards

1
Q

Define a Symbol

A

An object that stands for something else. The most symbolic aspect of culture is language.

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2
Q

Define Research

A

A process in which a researcher combines a set of principles,outlooks, and ideas (methodology) with a collection of specific practices, techniques, and strategies (method of inquiry) to produce knowledge

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3
Q

Ontology

A

studies on the way we understand the nature of being(reality)

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4
Q

Epistemology

A

studies on knowledge and how to pursue knowledge

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5
Q

Positivism

A

Social and natural sciences should be studied in a similar manner

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6
Q

Positivism

A

Social and natural sciences should be studied in a similar manner

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7
Q

Causal Explanation

A

A theoretical statement that is expressed in terms of causes and effects

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8
Q

Temporal Order

A

The cause must come before the effect

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9
Q

Temporal Order

A

The cause must come before the effect

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10
Q

Eliminating Alternatives

A

An causal relationship is not due to an alternative but unrecognized cause

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11
Q

Agency

A

the ability to make independent choices and act

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12
Q

Agency

A

the ability to make independent choices and act

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13
Q

Anonymity

A

Research participants remain anonymous or nameless One of the common solutions:Referring to participants only by a code number or specific names,the latter used after obtaining written permission

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14
Q

Confidentiality

A

Information has participant names attached, but the researcher holds it in confidence or keeps it secret from the public

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15
Q

Soft Data

A

subjective, open to interpretation, maps, photographs, symbols, artifacts

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16
Q

Soft Data

A

subjective, open to interpretation, maps, photographs, symbols, artifacts

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17
Q

Hard Data

A

Numbers in measurements, charts, proportions, diagrams, formulas

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18
Q

Qualitative Design Issue

A

(The Language of Cases and Contexts) Ideas instead of variables; observing and documenting events instead of measuring for production of numbers

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19
Q

Quantitative Design Issues (issue variable

A

A concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values (e.g. marital status).

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

The statement from a casual explanation or a proposition that has at least one independent and one dependent variable,but it has yet to be empirically tested.

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21
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

Something that appears to be a causal explanation but is not. It occurs because of a confusion about units of analysis. A researcher has empirical evidence about an association for large-scale units but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about association among small-scale units or individuals.

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22
Q

Reductionism

A

Something that appears to be a causal explanation but is not. It occurs because of a confusion about units of analysis. A researcher has empirical evidence about an association at the level of individual behaviour but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about very large-scale units.

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23
Q

Reductionism

A

Something that appears to be a causal explanation but is not. It occurs because of a confusion about units of analysis. A researcher has empirical evidence about an association at the level of individual behavior but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about very large-scale units.

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24
Q

Tautology

A

Circular reasoning where the second part of a statement is rephrased to repeat the first.

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25
Q

Criterion validity

A

agrees with an external source-Concurrent validity: agrees with a pre-existing measure-Predictive validity: agrees with future behaviour

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26
Q

Criterion validity

A

agrees with an external source-Concurrent validity: agrees with a pre-existing measure-Predictive validity: agrees with future behavior

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27
Q

Literature Review

A

A systematic examination of previously published studies on a research question, issue or method that a researcher undertakes and integrates together to prepare for conducting a study or to bring together and summarize the “state of the field

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28
Q

Abstract

A

A short summary on the first page of a scholarly journal article or included together with other abstracts at the beginning of the issue.

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29
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A study undertaken by researchers in which they analyze the results from available/existent studies on a given topic by using a quantitative overview

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30
Q

Annotated Bibliography

A

A list of sources pertaining to a specific topic which includes 1) full citation information; 2) a summary of the article (incl. methods and findings); 3) evaluative comments about the quality of the research done.

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31
Q

Legal Harm

A

loss of or damage to a person’s right, property, or physical or mental well-being

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32
Q

The Language of Cases and Contexts

A

Ideas instead of variables; observing and documenting events instead of measuring for production of numbers

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33
Q

Grounded Theory

A

Conceptualization and operationalization occur simultaneously with data collection and preliminary data analysis by taking the inductive method and building theory grounded in data. It is always open to the unexpected.

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34
Q

The Context is Critical

A

Focus on the “bigger picture”, the complex surroundings referring to your empirical data; on the shifting meanings in different cultures and historical eras

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35
Q

Case and Process

A

Examine certain cases over time as a sequence of cases depending on numerous factors

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36
Q

Interpretation

A

Assigning significance or a coherent meaning to something

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37
Q

Variable

A

A concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values (e.g. marital status)

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38
Q

Periodicals

A

•Scholarly Journals: How to recognize them? (peer-reviewed, double blind review, empirical research findings)•Mass-market publications•Popularized science magazines

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39
Q

Dissertations

A

Reports on original research, bound and stored in the library of the Ph.D. granting institution (university)

40
Q

Government Documents &Policy Reports

A

Governmental and institutional reports, issued and stored as library holdings

41
Q

Citation

A

Details of a scholarly report’s location (author, date,title, book/journal, page number) that help people find it quickly

42
Q

Abstract

A

A short summary on the first page of a scholarly journal article or included together with other abstracts at the beginning of the issue.

43
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A study undertaken by researchers in which they analyze the results from available/existent studies on a given topic by using a quantitative overview.

44
Q

Physical Harm

A

Rare, 3-5%, biomedical research, moral and legal responsibilities of the researcher

45
Q

Psychological Abuse

A

Inducing discomfort, stress, embarrassment and anxiety (Philip Zimbardo’sprison experiment)

46
Q

Loss of Self-Esteem

A

To place people in situations where they face social pressure to deny their convictions

47
Q

Legal Harm

A

To place participants in situations where they are at increased risk of arrest; what is the range of ethical responsibilities and controversies (The Laud Humphrey’s tearoom trade study)

48
Q

Scientific Research

A

Data: quantitative (numbers); qualitative (in words, sounds, pictures, visual images, objects); empirical evidence (through our senses – touch, sight, hearing, smell, taste

49
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Examines the features of people orother units at multiple points in time

50
Q

Time-series study

A

Examines different people or cases over time (the type of info does not change)

51
Q

Panel study

A

Observes exactly the same group or organization across multiple time points

52
Q

Cohort study (a special type of Panel Study)

A

Focuses on a category of peoples who share a similar life experience in a specific period

53
Q

Case studies

A

Examines in depth many features of a few cases over a duration of time

54
Q

Experiments

A

Examination of the effect of created situations on participants

55
Q

Focus Group

A

A group interview in an open discussion

56
Q

Field Research

A

Observation of people in a natural setting

57
Q

Existing Statistics

A

Examination of numerical information from governmental documents

58
Q

Content Analysis

A

Exploration of written or symbolic material in terms of implied meanings

59
Q

Historical Research

A

Examination of past eras across cultures

60
Q

Survey

A

Systematical questionnaire of a set of questions

61
Q

Qualitative Interview

A

A one-on-one interview

62
Q

Ontology

A

Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality. It is part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics. Ontology deals with questions about what things exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped according to similarities and differences.

63
Q

epistemology

A

Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Three epistemological factors that contribute to knowledge acquisition are truth, belief and justification.

64
Q

methodology

A

a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity

65
Q

research fatigue

A

Research fatigue is the process or state in which individuals or groups tire of engaging in research or resist and avoid participation in any further research

66
Q

Inductive approach in research

A

inductive approaches are generally associated with qualitative research, whilst deductive approaches are more commonly associated with quantitative research

67
Q

10 Basic ethical principles in research

A
  1. Minimizing the risk of harm
  2. Obtaining informed consent
  3. Protecting anonymity and confidentiality
  4. Avoiding deceptive practices
  5. Providing the right to withdraw
68
Q

Laud Humphreys’s tearoom trade study

A

Legal harm is putting participants at risk of getting arrested. In this case homosexuality was banned and there was no consent given to the participants by the studier.

69
Q

Philip Zimbardo’s prison experiment

A

Ethical issues, harm and abuse are physical harms from the aggressive nature of the participants.

70
Q

Stanley Milgram’s obedience study

A

Ethical issues from the study come from the extreme emotional stress experienced by the participants.

71
Q

Media Myths

A

Sources of media (TV, movies, twitter, etc.) perpetuating common misconceptions or hoaxes

72
Q

Over-generalization

A

When some evidence supports a belief which one then assumes applies to all cases

73
Q

Selective Observation

A

occurs when people or events seek out evidence which support current beliefs

74
Q

Premature Closure

A

When you feel you have the answer and thus ignore future information

75
Q

Halo Effect

A

occurs when we overgeneralize positive or prestigious behaviors for a favorable impression. Prejudice of sources

76
Q

Scientific Community

A

is a collection of people who practice science and a set of norms, behaviors and attitudes

77
Q

Scientific Method

A

refers to ideas, rules, techniques and approaches used by the scientific community

78
Q

Academic

A

advances fundamental knowledge about the social world

79
Q

Applied

A

address a specific concern or to offer solutions to a problem

80
Q

Public Sociology

A

refers to researchers who engage a wider audience

81
Q

3 Purposes of Research:

A

Exploration - become familiar with facts, settings and concerns.
Description - Provide background or context of a situation
Explanation - Test a theory’s prediction

82
Q

Exploratory Research

A

examines a new area to question to address in the future. Lee and Brotman examined migration experiences of sexual minority refugees to Canada.

83
Q

Descriptive Research

A

presents specific details of a situation. Rhjin, Quosai, and Lero studied characteristics of undergrad students.

84
Q

Cross-sectional Research

A

A single point in time

85
Q

Macrosocial

A

Focuses on population. Thibodeau studied suicide morality rate in Canada. Curits and Andersen studied economic inequality across 24 countries.

86
Q

Microsocial

A

focuses on individuals

87
Q

Mesosocial

A

the rule of social organizations and institutions

88
Q

Empirical Generalizations

A

derived from theories that offer a simple statement about a pattern among multiple concepts.

89
Q

Middle-range theory

A

offers theories about limited aspects of social life.

90
Q

Paradigms

A

integrated set of assumptions

91
Q

Positivist (nomothetic)

A

explains use law or law-like principles

92
Q

Interpretivist

A

uses a construct of social reality

93
Q

Idiographic

A

means specific description explaining an aspect of the social world in a highly detailed setting

94
Q

Verstehen

A

is the desire for a researcher to get inside the world views of those they study

95
Q

Deductive Approach

A

abstract, logical relationship among concepts to move towards concrete evidence

96
Q

Inductive Approach

A

detailed observations of the world to move towards generalized ideas

97
Q

Temporal Order

A

condition means that a cause must come before an effect

PROJECT SCHEDULING TEST #2 (2 decks)

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