Understanding Over Time

Question 1

Social: Sherif et al (1954)

Answer 1

Aim: To study in-group behavs incl out-group hostility when using factor of competition, & how to reduce this friction

Pre-study understanding of behav/background: Prejudice results due to in-groups identifying negative aspects of out-groups causing out-group hostility

How study results helped psych/ study application:
Led to development of RCT as Sherif introduced aspect of competition and limited resources, also superoordinate goals as solution

Contemp studies advancements:
Data
> Classic- Observations & socio-metric testing
>Contemp- Observations
Methods
> Contemp- Lab exp (better- control over EVs, C&E)
Better ethics
> Sherif incr distress, decr protection from harm- boys physically fighting wasnt intervened with until it broke out, prejudice created in artificial situations
> Burger- asked ppts if they wanted to withdraw 3 times, stopped at 150V so non-fatal shocks- incr protection from harm, right to withdraw

Question 2

Cog: Baddeley (1966b)

Answer 2

Aim-Does LTM encode acous/ sem?

Background: By 3rd exp, Baddeley concluded that the STM & LTM weren’t encoded in same way, but believed they’re still in a unitary system like MSM

Study application: Led to understanding LTM encodes em & STM encodes acous, led to MSM development 1968. Also learning & revision techniques

Contemp studies advancements:
Data- Score out of 10 words in correct order> quantitiative (S, better establish comparisons for hypothesis testing, incr cred)
Contemp- mean digit span
Methods- Lab, repeated measures (classic), contemp- field, incr eco V- decr DCs so incr validity of findings

Question 3

Bio: Raine et al (1997)

Answer 3

Aim: To show there’s a diff between brains of NGRI murderers vs non-murderers and if there can be less accountability of NGRI murderer’’s aggressive actions as a result

Background: Development of brain scanning techniques/BSTs eg 1970s-80s Cat and PET, 1990s fMRI developed to study brain acitivity & structure

Application- suggest that reduced brain activity in certain areas of the brain may act as a predisposition for violence, so NGRI criminals may therefore be less accountable for their actions which may have importance when their sentence is decided

Contemp studies advancements
Data: Classic- BSTs & diffs in glucose metabolism in cereberal cortex & subcortical layers
Contemp-Sociometric testing eg 6 point scales
> Both quantitative, incr inter-rater R/ V, but both correlational so decr V due to lack of cause & effect
Methodology
Classic- Lab exp, standardised proceds- S, high inter-rater & test-retest R, but decr V due to order effecgts from repeated measures (mock CPT trials then real CPT trial)
Contemp-Field exp- incr V of findings due to decr DCs, incr eco V
Ethics:
Brengden less invasive bc Raine used invasive FDG tracer but brengden= longitudinal twin n adoption study

Question 4

LT: Watson & Rayner (1920)

Answer 4

Aim: Can phobia be conditioned into a child 2) be conditioned out a phobia 3)can phobias be generalised

Background: Wtson rejected introspective methods, sought to understand behavs by measuring observable behavs & events

Application:found that phobias can be learnt through classical conditioning with Little Albert associating fear from a loud noise with a rat. therefore led to developments of treatments for phobias, such as systematic desensitisation that use the principles of classical conditioning by associating the object of fear with something good

contemp studies advancements:
Data: Classic- observations, fear resp displayed
Method- single case study exp,
Contemp-Capafons-
Ethics
- Classic created fear & bc LA withdraw, may not have been able to remove phobia completely, also cause distress in LA so decr protection from harm
Contemp aimed to remove fear & used simuations of flying so decr distress

Question 5

Cog psych

Answer 5

Start:
- Bartlett’s Reconstructive mem (1932)
- Baddeley 1966b - LTM & STM encoding
- MSM (Atkinson, Shifrin 1968)
- Loftus (70s) EWT
-Tulving LTM (1972)- ep & sem mem
- WMM (Baddeley, Hitch 1974)- more complex expl of LTM, challenging unitary store proposal MSM
- 2012 S&H-G- digit span diffs internationally

Computer science developed from the 1960s which helped the development of the computer processing model and a new way of thinking of the brain

Question 6

Social psych

Answer 6

Start: 1930-40s- To understand Nazi behaviour in WW2
- Adorno (1950) Auth personality- prejudice
- Asch (1952) research into conformity
-Sherif (1954/61) Robbers Cave- out group hostility
- Milgram 1963(& variations) voltage exp & ‘Germans r diff’ hypothesis
- Sherif (1966) RCT - developed following superordinate goals in 61’ exp
-Zimbardo (1973)- conformity research
-SIT (Identity) (Tajfel & Turner 1979)
-SDO (Pratto 1999)
-Burger (2009)
» Concluded time & changes in soc culture didnt have effect on obedience nor did the refusal of the confederate

Question 7

Bio Psych

Answer 7

Start: Greek physician (born 460BC) proposed each hemisphere had diff functions
- 1841 Phineas Gage > Research method changed to case study
- Broca (1861)- post mortem analysis, provide evidence for localisation of brain function
- Heston (1966) adoption tudy investigating genetic cause of Sz > — -Research method changed to adoption/twin study
-1970-80s MRI,CAT,PET developed
- 1990s- fMRI developed neuroimaging
- Raine (1997)
- Brendgen (2005)

Question 8

LT

Answer 8

Start: Thorndike (1880)Law of positive effect- began studying reinforcement
- Early 20th C, Watson rejected retrospective methods & sought to understand behav via observation & observable behavs
- Watson & Rayner (1920)- began study of conditioning
- Pavlov (1927)- start of CC
- Skinner- began OC research
- SLT (Bandura 61,63,65)- SLT developed fully in 1977
»Lead to watershed- only violent tv after 9pm once children in bed
- OC
» Used alot in schools, prisons
- Capafons (1998)- deconditioning phobias
» System desensitisation, flooding