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Vascular Sonography > Understanding Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Understanding Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into top and bottom

Short Axis

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2
Q

Sagittal

A

Right and left sections

Longitudinal

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3
Q

Frontal/coronal

A

Plane divides the body into front and back

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4
Q

Arm

A

Shoulder to elbow

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5
Q

Forearm

A

Elbow to Wrist

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6
Q

Upper extremity

A

Whole arm limb

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7
Q

Lower extremity

A

Leg

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8
Q

Thigh

A

Hip to knee

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9
Q

Leg

A

knee to ankle

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10
Q

Medial

A

Towards the center of the body

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the center of the body

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment

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13
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the point of atatchment

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14
Q

Cephalad

A

Towards the head

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15
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the feet

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16
Q

Superior

A

Upper, towards the head

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17
Q

Inferior

A

Below, towards the feet

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18
Q

Superficial

A

closer to skin

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19
Q

Deep

A

Farther down from the skin

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20
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

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21
Q

Beam

A

An ultrasound emitting from a transducer

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22
Q

Plaque

A

Atherosclerotic material builds up in the walls of the arteries, causing most arterial problems

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23
Q

Lumen

A

Space inside a vessel, open part of a vessel through which blood flows

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24
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of a vessel, usually of an artery, usually caused by atherosclerotic plaque

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25
Q

Bifurcation

A

The point at which the vessels divide or branch

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26
Q

what bifurcation is a common site for stenosis

A

Common carotid artery bifurcation

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27
Q

Collateral circulation

A

alternate pathways of blood flow that become functional in the event of arterial or venous obstruction

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28
Q

Embolus

A

An object traveling through circulation that may lodge in a vessel and cause occlusion
Several types: Air, thrombus, fat, etc

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29
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Study of blood flow characteristics

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30
Q

Doppler effect

A

A shift in frequency caused by motion
Doppler flow blood studies ultrasound is bounced off moving red blood cells; frequency of the ultrasound waves is shifted by the movement of the blood

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31
Q

Continuous-wave Doppler

A

An instrument that continuously transmits Doppler ultrasound with one crystal and continually receives with another crystal

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32
Q

Pulsed-Wave Doppler

A

Doppler ultrasound sent out in discrete bursts/pulses

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33
Q

Sample Volume (Gate)

A

A discrete area of flow assessed with pulsed Doppler. Can be adjusted as well as depth and location along doppler beam

34
Q

Doppler Angle

A

The angle of the Doppler beam with respect to the direction of the blood flow
Angle of Incidence

35
Q

what is the optimal angle for vascular scanning

A

45-60 degrees

past 60 leads to errors in velocity measurement

36
Q

what angle gives the maximum frequency shift?

A

zero degrees (blood headed straight towards/away from the transducer)

37
Q

Spectral Analysis

A

Return Doppler signal is broken down into component frequency shifts and amplitudes at those frequencies

38
Q

Velocity

A

Speed of the blood, calculated from the Doppler frequency shift and the Doppler angle with respect to flow direction

39
Q

what units is velocity expressed in?

A

Centimeters or meters per second

40
Q

Peak Systolic/end-diastolic frequencies/velocities

A

Common measurements of the spectral waveform,

41
Q

Where is the peak systolic measurement taken?

A

The highest point in the waveform

42
Q

Where is the end-diastolic measurement taken?

A

Just prior to the systolic upstroke

43
Q

Color flow imaging

A

Display of blood flow based (usually) on frequency shifts contained from a large area instead of from just one sample volume (as with spectral doppler)

44
Q

Gain

A

Control on the scanner that allows an increase in the strength of the return signal being displayed

45
Q

Proximal Limit/Distal limit

A

Farthest possible point toward or away from the heart or point of origin

46
Q

Plaque

A

Singular, usually a commodity

47
Q

Atheroma

A

collection of material, atheroma is used the same way as plaque

48
Q

Calcific, dense

A

Characteristic features of certain types of plaque
Show up as bright echoes in the lumen
Dense plaque: no acoustic shadowing
Calcific plaque: Does create acoustic shadowing

49
Q

Soft, fibrous

A

A characteristic feature of certain types of plaque

Soft, fibrous plaque creates darker echoes than dense/calcific plaque

50
Q

Intimal Thickening

A

Thickened walls along the artery, looking a bit like very minimal atheroma

51
Q

Minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe

A

Gradations of carotid stenosis

52
Q

Circumferential

A

Around the entire circumference of the vessel, as opposed to plaque that lies on one side of the wall

53
Q

Extensive

A

plaque along a lengthy segment of the artery

54
Q

Scattered/diffuse

A

Plaque found at several levels in the artery

55
Q

True lumen vs. residual lumen

A

the actual wall of the vessel versus the remaining opening through which blood continues to flow

56
Q

Homogenous vs heterogenous

A

All of one consistency versus different consistencies or materials used to describe plaque

57
Q

Smooth vs irregular

A

used to characterize the surface appearance of plaque

58
Q

Crater/Crater-Like in appearance

A

The shape is most suggestive of ulceration of plaque, scooped-out appearance

59
Q

Occulsion

A

Complete blockage

60
Q

Laminar

A

orderly, nonturbulent flow`

61
Q

Sharp vs damped

A

used to characterize the sound of the Doppler signals as well as the shape of the waveforms

62
Q

Multiphasic vs monophasic

A

an issue in the extremity arteries

63
Q

What is the normal peripheral flow

A

Multiphasic

64
Q

what does monophasic suggest

A

suggest a great deal of energy has been damped out of the flow

65
Q

Antegrade vs retrograde

A

flow in the expected direction versus flow in the opposite direction

66
Q

Turbulence, spectral broadening, disturbed flow, window filling, gross turbulence

A

all used to characterize various degrees of flow disturbance as reflected in the spectral analysis

67
Q

elevated velocities (peak systolic and end-dystolic) accelerated flow through the stenosis

A

used to describe flow through a hemodynamically significant lesion

68
Q

Aliasing

A

Wrappng around of the spectral waveform that can result from high velocity blood flow

69
Q

what does aliasing suggest?

A

severe stenosis

70
Q

Patent and compressible (with light/moderate pressure)

A

characteristics of normal veins

71
Q

coapt

A

to meet or join

72
Q

Chronic vs acute thrombosis

A

old versus new thrombosis

73
Q

Recanalized

A 
having formed a channel of flow through a thrombus
suggestive of an older clot
maybe partial (small residual lumen and irregular walls) or nearly complete (just a brightly echogenic flap left behind)
74
Q

Tail

A

A free-floating proximal end of a thrombus, suggesting poor attachment and is probably acute (not chronic)

75
Q

Nonocculsive

A

Obstructed but not totally blocked

76
Q

No evidence of DVT

A

Phrase for reports

77
Q

Antegrade vs retrograde flow

A

Forward or reverse flow (issue with color imaging)

78
Q

Map

A

Assignment of colors for direction and velocity/frequency shift

79
Q

Aliasing (color)

A

Vecoloties exceed the PRF and wrap around the opposite color on the display

80
Q

Mosaic

A

Mottled appearance created by turbulent flow-many directions and velocities of flow, creating many colors

81
Q

Jet

A

A localized area of high velocity flow through and exiting a stenosis

Vascular Sonography (10 decks)

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