Under-development In Africa Flashcards
Explain in detail two political causes of an international conflict or issue you have studied (6)
The international issue I have studied is under-development in Africa
A political cause of under-development in Africa is armed conflict. Armed conflict can lead to food shortage son a large scale and for long periods of time destroying any prospect of economic and social. The effects of armed conflict are catastrophic for the countries involved and it can take decades to reconstruct after the conflict has ceased. For example conflict costs the continents development over a 15 year period a total of $300 billion.
Another political cause of under-development is corrupt governments. The lack of democracy has allowed many dictators to remain in power for decades enjoying lavish lifestyles while people starve. Money and aid should flow to the population and be spend on health centres or primary schools is instead placed in bank accounts of government officials. Former Central African Republic dictator Jean Badel Bokassa was infamous for corrupt ways in management to amass a personal fortune of $100 million while the rest of the population lived on less than $$1 a day.
Explain in detail two economic cause of an international conflict or issue (6)
The international issue I have studied is under-development in Africa.
An economic cause of under-development is debt. Many African governments have borrowed money from the International Monetary Fund of the World Bank to finance development. This has resulted in governments having less money to spend on basic infrastructure such as schools and hospitals and are instead using money to pay large sums of debt. For example Africa has a $300 billion debt bill it spends $14 billion paying this annually.
Another economic cause of underdevelopment is lack of trade. Africa’s share in word trade has dropped to only 2% in 2019. If Africa could increase trade by 1% it would gain $70 billion more exports a year.
Describe in detail two social causes of the international conflict or issue you have studied (4)
A social cause of under-development in lack of education. Education transforms lives and is a route out of poverty. Education in vital for a society to thrive as it promotes tolerance and peace as well as an innovation and advancement. For example there are 128 million school aged children in Africa 17 million of them will never attend school which contributes greatly to a lack of development.
Another social cause of under-development is the HIVand AIDS epidemic. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS and for 69%. Of the global total. Medical services cannot cope with the problem and hospitals are overrun with HIV/AIDS patients. For example it is one of the three biggest killers and kills 6000 people a day.
Explain in detail two reasons why the conflict or issue you have studied has an impact on those directly affected (6)
The international issue I have studied is under-development in Africa.
One reason why under-development has an impact on those directly affected is a lack of education. Debt owed by countries has meant that free education ended for thousands of children, adding to the problem of achieving even the most basic level of education. For example there are 128 million chi8ldren in Africa 17 million will never attend school.
Another reason why under-development has an impact on those directly involved is a lack of healthcare. Governments are not spending enough of their budgets on health services. There is a severe shortage of nurses, midwives and medication. For example with access to proper drugs over 10 million lives could be saved.
Explain in detail two reasons why the conflict or issue you have studied has an impact on other countries and their governments (6)
The issue I have studied is under-delopment in Africa.
Under-development in Africa can impact other countries and their governments financially. Developed rich nations like the UK have a moral responsibility to help and assist poorer countries. The UK Government contributes financial aid through the Foreign Commonwealth Development Office. For example the UK was the first G7 country to pass a law formally committing it to an aid budget of 0.7% this has reduced to 0.5% as a result of the pandemic.
Another way that other countries and their governments have been impacted is by migration. Countries that are under-developed are a haven for violence and conflict. This has caused migration flows throughout Europe where people come in search of a better life. For example around 30 million internally displaced persons refugees and asylum seekers live in Africa representing almost one third of the world’s refugee population.
Describe in detail two consequences of the international conflict or issue on the regional and or wider international community (4)
The international issue I have studied is under-development.
Under-development has a financial impact on the wider international community. The international community has to fund development projects and development goals which can be very costly. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also known as he Global Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015.
Under-development also impacts regional areas because of displaced people. Those who are displaces may seek refuge in neighbouring countries. According to the United Nations Refugee Agency’s (UNHCR) 2023 44 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are displaced.
Describe in detail two ways in which organisations try to resolve a conflict or issue you have studied (4)
The international issue I have studied is under-development
An international organisation that has tried to resolve under-development is UNICEF (UN). UNICEF has tried to resolve under-development by helping to educate young people and break the cycle of poverty. UNICEF works with governments, communities and parents to enable every child to access a quality education. For example every year UNICEF help millions of children get an education by providing textbooks and class room kits or by setting up child friendly spaces
UNICEF have also tried to resolve under-development by helping to immunise against deadly diseases. Many people and essential workers have lost their lives due to lack of medical supplies and vaccines. For example UNICEF have begun immunising against malaria they stated at 18 million doses will be made available over the next three years saving thousands of lives
Explain in detail why international organisations attempt to resolve an international conflict or issue you have studied (8)
The international issue I have studies is under-development.
International Organisations such as UNICEF also try to resolve under-development to prevent children dying from preventable diseases. Deadly diseases like measles, polio, tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough are all easily and cheaply preventable by vaccination. For example since 1980 UNICEF have helped quadruple immunisation rates for children worldwide saving up to 3 million children’s life’s per year. They also secured the first ever vaccine against malaria and will immunise over 18 million by 2025.
UNICEF have also attempted to resolve under-development by providing education to break the cycle of poverty. The chance to learn can change a child’s life. UNICEF works to make sure all children get the right quality of education so that they can reach their full potential. For example in the DRC UNICEF set up an emergency tents to allow students to study in good conditions =. In 2021 alone UNICF helped 49 million children get back to school.
Explain in detail two reasons why non-military attempts are taken to resolve the international conflict or issue (6)
The international issue I have studied is under-development in Africa
Non0military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. Many problems faced by countries in these areas such ass poor education have been created due to civil war and more military involvement would only make it more difficult to resolve. For example, Sierra Leone there is still an adult literacy rate of only 43.2% showing that the education system is still to full recover from their civil war.
Armed conflict along with HIV/AIDS and malaria are a leading cause of world hunger. Armed conflict leads to food shortages on a large scale and for long periods of time destroying any prospect of economic and social development. For example conflict costs the continents development $300 billion over a period of 15 years. Therefore military intervention would not be suitable
Describe in detail two military attempts to resolve the conflict or issue you have studied (4)
The international issue I have studied is under-development.
Military attempts to resolve under-development is deployment of the UN peacekeeping force. Peacekeeping forces are responsible for maintaining international peace and security. They are deployed in conjunction with humanitarian political and diplomatic efforts.
The UK has also deployed many short-term military training teams to help build the capacity of African military forces. This helps countries across Africa respond to security threats such as terrorism and human rights violations.
Explain in detail two reasons why attempts by international organisations to tackle the conflict or issue you have studied has been effective (6)
The international issue I have studied is under-development in Africa
The UN has been successful in tackling under-development because it has many specialised agencies. These agencies can focus on individual problems and provide aid to certain countries. For example UNICEF secured supplies of the first ever malaria vaccine in 2022 18 million does will be made available over the next three years potentially saving thousands of lives each year.
UNICEF has also been successful in helping to provide education to children in Africa. UNICEF supports innovative programmes that give the most vulnerable children the chance to learn. For example in the DRC UNICEF set up emergency tents to allow students to resume their education and eventually new classrooms were built to allow students to study in good conditions. In 2021 alone UNICEF helped 49 million holders get back to school
Explain in detail two reasons why international organisations have been unsuccessful in tackling an international conflict or issue you have studied (6)
The international issue I have is under-development.
The United Nations specialised agencies have been successful in tackling under-development as may children still do not have access to an education. As a consequence the progress for Africas future economic growth and social development is poor. For example lack of access to education keeps 98 million children in sub-Saharan Africa out of schools.
The UN specialised agencies have unsuccessful in tackling under-development as Africa continues to have high levels of HIV/AIDS suffers. Access to the anti-retroviral drugs which delays the onset of full blown AIDS in not available to many Africans. In many countries such as Botswana one-third of people are suffering from the disease. For example with access to proper drugs over 10 million lives could be saved
