Ocean resources

Question 1

what is UNCLOS

Answer 1

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Question 2

what is an eez

Answer 2

An eez is where a country has exclusive rights to the resources in that area

Question 3

what is the territorial waters

Answer 3

Territorial sea: this extends to 12 nautical miles from the baseline. This area is under the jurisdiction of the state, but foreign vessels have the right to navigate through it

Question 4

what is a contiguos zone

Answer 4

zone that extends up to 24 nm away from the shore where a government have limited enforcement

Question 5

high seas

Answer 5

anybody can do what they want but have to subject to international law

Question 6

when was UNCLOS created

Answer 6

1994

Question 7

what did UNCLOS replace

Answer 7

geneva conventions

Question 8

why is UNCLOS important

Answer 8

standardises claims to maritime zones

Question 9

what is one way in which UNCLOS fails

Answer 9

you can opt out of UNCLOS laws

Question 10

what governmental body controls sea floor meaning

Answer 10

ISA

Question 11

How is one renewable biological resource use and managed?

Answer 11

The international whaling comission created in 1946 by the Un 88 member states currently. In 1986 all commercial whaling was banned but substinence rues allowed indigenous people to hunt whales as long as they stick to catch limits set every 6 years (20 whales between 2019-2025) and scientific research iArticle 8 used as loophole for Japan

Question 12

Explain how the different stakeholders influence the use and management of the resource

Answer 12

Iceland ceased commercial whaling in 2021 due to whale watching and pandemic restrictions. Japan joined IWC in 1951 and then left in 2019 to continue commercial whaling . Conservation groups such as green peace pressure the countries that whale to stop to preserve species numbers.

Question 13

What are key thresholds to initiate management?

Answer 13

The population level at which it becomes necessary to put in place some kind of strategy to ensure a sustainable population exists.

Question 14

Describe why use and management of offshore oil and gas is a contested issue

Answer 14

oil- reliable efficient and huge economic boost but is non-renewable contribute to more carbon in the atmosphere also ocean acidification there are oil spills as well

Question 15

Describe why the use and management of wave and tidal energy is a contested issue

Answer 15

Newer technology is more expensive and hasnt been market tested Only rich countries can afford it. Pollution building up on barrages as well as it is an eye sore wave power device example = Islay Limpet opened in 2000 but closed in 2012 Rance Tidal power station built in 1966

Question 16

Describe why the use of sea-bed minerals is a contested issue

Answer 16

Tailings from mineral extraction can smother benthic species. The sea bed is largely unexplored could be undiscovered species whose habitats could be destroyed. But potentially lots of eeconomic benefits Cobalt consumption = 135,200 metric tons per year. One example is the Clarion–Clipperton zone - 1 million km^2

Question 17

What is the global commons?

Answer 17

The high seas are global commons as no one has specific jurisdiction and control although they are administered by the UNCLOS and associated organisations.