Section 5 Flashcards
How have the oceans influenced globalisation
prior to ocean travel vessels could only trade by land hopping now ocean travel allows for goods to be shared. Now it is the easiest way to trade goods
Describe the major routes of ocean shipping
Shanghai to EU markets (Rotterdam) going across the Indian ocean. Across pacific from Asia to north America through Panama canal
how has containerisation affected the scale of ocean shipping
80% goods carried by sea
2021 1.95 billion tonnes of cargo up from 0.1 billion in 1980
Global container fleet has grown from 11 million metric tons(1980) to 293 million tonnes(2022) Largest shipping company = MSC Mediterranean shipping company (800 ships). size of containers are standardised at 20x8x8.5
Describe the type and direction of trade across oceans
dry bulk like coal will go from Australia to South America EU accounts for 37% agricultural exports worldwide. EU exports 16% of fuel (Norway,Poland,UK) south Korea exports a lot of electronics
How are oceans used by countries to exert their influence
Power projection to protect alliances trade routes and their own interests. protect their country - who can enter their air and their seas. Expand EEZ to encompass more natural resources
Describe the distribution of naval strong holds for one country
USA - lots of military and power worldwide often where conflicts have happened for example - pearl harbour watches over pacific and Rammstein watches over middle east from Germany. China has bases in Djibouti to protect the Suez canal.
South China sea why is this a contested zone
9 dash line - right to this historic location as explored it first
China putting sand on coral reefs to enhance their EEZs Spratly islands are contest by nearby countries like taiwan,china and malaysia
what resources are available in the south china sea
11 billion barrels of oil
109 million cubic metres of natural gases 80% within the 9 dash line
30% of worlds shipping 40% of the worlds oil shipping
12% worlds fisheries
depletion of fish stocks by 70-95 % since 1950
Piracy distribution of 21st century piracy
100 incidents of armed robberies in Malacca straits in 2023 incidents due to 40 mile wide channel easy to get onto ships
Sea of Aden 111 incidents in 2008 and 45 successful attacks due to civil unrest and civil war that started in 1991
other places include Gulf of Guinea
How has piracy been managed in Somalia
Naval escorts and convoys for ships EU NAVFOR Atlanta operation patrol area set up in 2008 and now run by Portugal Ocean Shield 2009-2016 provide naval escorts to ships travelling in the area.
How has piracy been managed in the Malacca straits
RECAAP operation joint air and sea patrols by states around the straits of Malacca and Singapore to reduce robberies. All large vehicles requires to have tracker systems. improved coordination between countries
why are oceans used as escape routes for migants
When it is either the easiest route or there is no other option to get to the chosen AC apart from going across the sea the sea is very dangerous
where are oceans used as escape routes
North Africa (Tunisia) —–> South Europe
Türkiye ——–> Greek islands 2015-2016 migrant crisis where 1.3 million people came into EU
why does small boat migration need to be managed
stop illegal immigration of people without the correct documentation. Criminal activity like human smuggling and people just exploiting desperate people risk to human life
Statistics to do with migration across Mediterranean
2023 - 3105 migrants died crossing the med
2014-2018 - 12000 people drowned
In 2014 62500 people arrived across med
10800 people crossed the channel in 2024 higher than the same period for last 3 years
