Unbounded Network Media Flashcards
Definition of wireless communication
Wireless communication: A type of communication where signals are transmitted over a distance without the use of a physical medium. Also referred to as unbounded network media.
Definition of Latency
Latency: The time delay for a packet to go from a source to a destination and back to the source.
Definition of MIMO
MIMO: (multiple input, multiple outputs) A wireless communication method that uses multiplexing via multiple antennas and antenna pathways to increase wireless network range and bandwidth.
Definition of MUMIMO
MUMIMO: (multi-user MIMO) A wireless communication method that allows multiple independent radio antennas to access the same channel on a system.
Give a description of Bluetooth
Short-range wireless communication (WPAN)
Connect up to 8 devices within 30 meters of each other
Uses RF, not line of sight
Back-end transport for some NFC communications
Give a description of JID
Radio-Frequency Identification
Communicate between tag and reader
Tags have an antenna for transmission and a circuit for processing or storage
Passive and active tags
A reader sends encoded radio signals to tag looking for a response
Give a description of IR
Infrared
Signals sent as light pulses (300 to 300,000 GHz) just below visible light
Line of sight is needed, but signals can bounce off hard surfaces
Give a description of NFC
Near Field Communication
Radio communication between devices that are touching or in close proximity
Runs at 13.5 MHz
Slower than Bluetooth
Definition of IEEE 802.11 Standard
A family of specifications was developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for wireless LAN technology.
Description of IEEE 802.11 Standard
The over-the-air interface between client and base station or two clients
CSMA/CA access method
Spread spectrum radio in the 2.4 GHz band
What is the transmission speed(Mbps), frequency(Gbps), maximum theoretical geographical range (m), and Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams of the standard 802.11a
Transmission Speed (Mbps):54
Frequency (GHz): 5
Maximum Theoretical Geographic Range (m): 20
Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams: 1
What is the transmission speed(Mbps), frequency(Gbps), maximum theoretical geographical range (m), and Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams of the standard 802.11ac
Transmission Speed (Mbps): 443 per channel
Frequency (GHz): 5
Maximum Theoretical Geographic Range (m): 35
Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams: 8
What is the transmission speed(Mbps), frequency(Gbps), maximum theoretical geographical range (m), and Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams of the standard 802.11b
Transmission Speed (Mbps):11
Frequency (GHz): 2.4
Maximum Theoretical Geographic Range (m): 100
Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams: 1
What is the transmission speed(Mbps), frequency(Gbps), maximum theoretical geographical range (m), and Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams of the standard 802.11g
Transmission Speed (Mbps):54
Frequency (GHz): 2.4
Maximum Theoretical Geographic Range (m): 100
Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams: 1
What is the transmission speed(Mbps), frequency(Gbps), maximum theoretical geographical range (m), and Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams of the standard 802.11n
Transmission Speed (Mbps): 150
Frequency (GHz): 204 or 5
Maximum Theoretical Geographic Range (m):70
Maximum No. of Supported MIMO Streams: 5
Give a full description of wireless bands and channels
The 2.4 GHz band holds 14 channels in the ISM portion of the spectrum (72 MHz wide).
Channels 1 through 11 in the US
Channels 1 through 13 in Europe
Channels 1 through 14 in Japan (channel 14 limited to 802.11b)
Transmitted data spread across all frequencies in the channel.
Channel overlap can cause interference
Three non-overlapping channels are possible on the 2.4 GHz band
1, 6, and 11
Can experience congestion on those channels
Newer APs negotiate the channel to use.
Definition of channel bonding
The practice of combining wireless channels for increased data capacity.
Give a full description of channel bonding
Neighboring channels combined into a larger channel
Doubling channel width increases data capacity by slightly more than double
In 802.11n, use bonding to combine two 20 MHz channels into a 40 MHz channel.
In 802.11ac, use bonding to create 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels.
5 GHz band has a larger frequency range
Up to 25 non-overlapping channels
Possibly harder to implement channel bonding
Give a full description of wireless speed and distance
Distance between devices
Interference with other networks
Presence of corners, walls, and solid objects through which the signal passes
For 2.4 GHz, interference with microwave ovens
Number of devices sharing the signal
What is the unobstructed Distance (m), max theoretical throughput (Mbps), and typical Throughput (Mbps) for the standard 802.11a
Unobstructed Distance (m): 120
Max theoretical throughput (Mbps): 54.4
Typical Throughput (Mbps) : 25
What is the unobstructed Distance (m), max theoretical throughput (Mbps), and typical Throughput (Mbps) for the standard 802.11b
Unobstructed Distance (m):140
Max theoretical throughput (Mbps):11
Typical Throughput (Mbps) : 2 to 6
What is the unobstructed Distance (m), max theoretical throughput (Mbps), and typical Throughput (Mbps) for the standard 802.11g
Unobstructed Distance (m):140
Max theoretical throughput (Mbps):54
Typical Throughput (Mbps) :20
What is the unobstructed Distance (m), max theoretical throughput (Mbps), and typical Throughput (Mbps) for the standard 802.11n
Unobstructed Distance (m):250
Max theoretical throughput (Mbps):150 per stream
(4 streams: 600)
Typical Throughput (Mbps) :40 to 80
What is the unobstructed Distance (m), max theoretical throughput (Mbps), and typical Throughput (Mbps) for the standard 802.11ac
Unobstructed Distance (m):250
Max theoretical throughput (Mbps):866.7 per stream
(8 streams: 6,934)
Typical Throughput (Mbps) : At least 70 to 100 In some cases over 200
Definition of WAPs
A device that provides a connection between wireless devices and can connect to wired networks.
Definition of SSID
(Service Set Identifier) A 32-bit alphanumeric string that identifies a WAP and all devices attached to it.
Give a full description of SSID
WAPs and wireless routers come with a default SSID.
Security features for specifying which wireless devices can connect to the wired network.
Client devices use the SSID to identify themselves to the wireless network.
What happens when there is an SSID mismatch
When a device receives a packet that contains a different SSID than its own
Devices need to be configured with the same SSID as the WAP
Mismatch of SSIDs can block communication
Configuration is usually automated, so few mismatches occur
Give a full description of wireless controllers
Provide wireless LAN management for multiple APs
Used in combination with the LWAPP
A protocol that controls multiple Wi-Fi wireless access points
Automatic configuration of WAPs
Can be a physical device or a software application
Definition of wireless antennas
A device that converts high-frequency signals on a cable into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
Give a full description of wireless antennas
Frequency depends on the physical dimensions of the antenna High frequency denotes short wavelength and short antenna Gain (signal strength) Amplitude increase High gain and power limitations Bleed Signal extends beyond boundaries Control by restricting signal output Polarization Linear/Vertical/Horizontal Circular Directionality Directional/Unidirectional Omni-directional
Give a description of wireless range extenders
Picks up signals from a Wi-Fi router Amplifies the signal and rebroadcasts it Allows you to pick up wireless signals beyond the range of the current Wi-Fi signals Good for: Multi-floor locations Locations with thick walls Other dead zones within a building
Give all the wireless performance factors
Infrared: Sunlight Obstacles Smoke, dust, fog Radio: Antenna signal characteristics Wire mesh in walls, thick walls Ambient electrical noise Conductive obstacles Other electrical equipment Data transmission rate Radio frequency
Give a description of STA
Station (STA)
A device that can use the IEEE 802.11 protocol.
A wireless STA contains an adapter card, a PC card, or an embedded device to provide wireless connectivity.
Give a descrption of AP
AP(Acess Point)
A device or software that facilitates communication and provides enhanced security to wireless devices.
Extends the physical range of a WLAN.
Functions as a bridge between wireless STAs and the existing network backbone for network access.
Give a descrption of Service Sets
Defines the way a WLAN is configured.
Three ways to configure a WLAN—BSS, IBSS, and ESS.
Give a descrption of BSS and BSSID
Basic Service Set and Basic Service Set Identifier
A set of devices with an AP connected to a wired network and one or more wireless stations or clients.
A BSS can effectively extend the distance between wireless endpoints by forwarding signals through the WAP.
The BSSID is a unique address that identifies the BSS.
Give a descrption ESS and ESSID
Extended Service Set and Extended Service Set Identifier
Multiple BSSs used to handle mobility on a wireless network.
Connected to a common distribution system such as a wired network.
ESS enables users to move mobile devices out of their home BSS while keeping their connection.
Enables data to be forwarded from one BSS to another through the network backbone.
ESSID identifies the extended service set. Also known as service set identifier (SSID).
Give a descrpiton of IBSS
Independent Basic Service Set
A peer-to-peer network where each wireless STA acts as both a client and a wireless AP.
Each wireless STA can transmit and receive data.
Give a descrption of DS
Distribution System
A wired connection between a BSS and a premise-wide network.
Enables mobility for devices and access to network resources.
Give a description of the factor of wireless range extenders, which is speed.
Signal from a range extended is usually about half the speed of the original Wi-Fi signal.
Since distance or other factors required the use of the extender, the signal will be stronger than what you were getting.
Give a description of the factor of wireless range extenders, which is match router indentification.
For dual band routers, make sure the extender is also dual band.
If your Wi-Fi router uses MU-MIMO, make sure the extender uses it too.
Give the differnces of the factors of wireless range extenders, which is desktop vs plug in.
Desktop models contain movable external antennas and several LAN ports.
Plug-in models connect directly to wall outlets and contain one LAN port.
Give a description of the factor of wireless range extenders, which is SSID.
Extenders have their own SSIDs.
Devices can lose wireless signal as they move between different SSID networks.
Give a description of the factor of wireless range extenders, which is bandwith.
Devices connected to dual band wireless range extenders compete with the router for bandwidth.
Defintion of SSID broadcasts
A continuous announcement by a WAP that transmits its name so that wireless devices can discover it.
Give a full descrption of SSID broadcasts
Often referred to as a beacon.
If a WAP is password-protected, devices can see it but not connect to it.
Give all the guidelines for implementing a basic wireless network
Create a list of network requirements. Consider the devices you need and any requirements they have. Consider environmental limitations. Consider equipment limitations. Consider compatibility requirements. Choose appropriate 802.11 technology. Choose appropriate AP placement locations. Install APs. Test after installation: Appropriately sized Secure Operational Use periodic site surveys to monitor performance levels. Document steps and establish a baseline.
Give a descritption of WAP Placements
Building layout Identification of coverage areas Candidates for WAP placement Coverage area Cell is the area covered by an AP Large cells might need more APs Guarantee continuous access with overlapping cells Clients How many clients determines how many APs Obstacles Absorb or reflect signals? Interference RFI from other devices
Give all the uses of bluetooth
Facilitates short-range wireless communication between devices
Connect 2 to 8 devices
Give all the uses of RFID
Tags and readers used for: Inventory management and tracking ID badges for room or building access Asset management and tracking Real-time location service
Give all the uses of IR
Provide network connectivity in wireless personal area networks
Short-term connections between two PCs or between a PC and a wireless handheld device
Extends networks where installing cable may be difficult
Give all the uses of NFC
Make payments using a smartphone
Apps such as Android Wallet, Microsoft Wallet, and Apple Pay
Give defintion of IoT
(Internet of Things) A collection of physical objects that contain embedded components for the collection and transmission of data over a network.
Give a descripition of IoT
More and more non-computer devices attached to global network.
Used in homes:
Makes using appliances, utilities, and devices easier and more efficient.
Used in manufacturing:
Increases efficiency and reduce costs through automation of tasks and monitoring devices, ambient temperature and humidity, and more.
Used in vehicles:
Assists with parking, “seeing” in blind spots, and monitoring vehicle functions.
If any functions are not within established limits, a message is sent to the user or directly to the service facility.
Give a description of Z wave and give examples
Designed for controlling and monitoring home or light commercial devices.
Based on RF, communicates over short range and uses less power than other Wi-Fi solutions.
Operates under 1 GHz, no interference with other wireless traffic
Examples: Smart thermostats Lighting Locks Sensors Hubs
Give a description of ANT+ and give examples
A wireless sensor network technology operating in the 2.4 GHz band.
Connects devices to a hub with the channels synchronizing themselves as needed.
Data rate is 1 Mbps at 1 mW power.
Examples:
Health and fitness monitors
BMI sensors in weight scales
Temperature sensors
Give a description of Bluetooth and give examples
Bluetooth Low Energy (LE), also called Bluetooth Smart or Version 4.0+.
A low-power, standardized application development architecture.
Provides tight security, native support on every major OS, and connectivity to the cloud.
It was built for the IoT.
Examples: Smart phones Music players Tracking devices Locks Lights
Give a description of NFC and give examples
NFC technology allows users to tap an NFC-enabled device or a device with an NFC tag affixed to it and connect to the NFC gateway.
Examples: Share data Initiate an action Open a URL Open locks Read utility meters Control appliances Connect devices to Bluetooth or WiFi networks
Give a description of IR and give examples
Connect to an IR blaster gateway or bridge to connect to a WiFi or Ethernet cabled network.
Signals can then be controlled by an app on your smart phone, tablet, or computer.
Examples:
Detect and measure heat, chemical gases, medical analysis through breathalyzers
Remote control of appliances
Give a description of 802.11
802.11 ah, also known as WiFi HaLow, is designed specifically for the IoT.
Still in development; but will take advantage of IoT technologies already in use.
Uses the 900 MHz frequency band and can communicate at 10 to 20 Mbps
Examples:
Same types of devices as other IoT technologies
Parking sensors
Other large-scale city-wide implementations
Give a description of RFID
Many smart objects contain sensors and an RFID tag.
Allows for communication of information to the app that monitors and controls the smart object.
Examples:
ID/entry access cards
Tracking tags
Give a full description of IoT devices
Device is connected to the network
Can be monitored and controlled remotely
Includes devices designed to be remotely controlled
Includes devices to which components such as RFID tags or other communications modules were added
Device is connected to the network
Can be monitored and controlled remotely
Includes devices designed to be remotely controlled
Includes devices to which components such as RFID tags or other communications modules were added
Examples include:
Amazon Echo
Google Home
FitBits
Devices fitted with sensors such as thermostats, appliaDevice is connected to the network
Can be monitored and controlled remotely
Includes devices designed to be remotely controlled
Includes devices to which components such as RFID tags or other communications modules were added
Give examples of IoT devices
Examples include: Amazon Echo Google Home FitBits Devices fitted with sensors such as thermostats, appliances, light bulbs, and devices plugged into IoT modules.
Give a description of Smart House Devices
Not only a convenience
Can help lower cost of operation and reduce energy use
Can remotely monitor and operate devices
With a smart thermostat, lower the temperature while away and raise it on your way home
Lock or unlock a door using a smart phone app
Close blinds based on light or temperature sensor readings
Remotely turn lights on or off, or dim the lights
Give a description of Sensor Devices
Gather raw data, which is sent to a gateway device or directly to a wireless sensor network
Actuators might be activated based on the sensor data
Smart devices come with sensors built in, or you can retrofit existing devices with tags to turn them into smart devices
Give all the condtions sensors can detect
Some of the conditions sensors can detect include:
Motion
Velocity (including acceleration/deceleration)
Axis tilt
Air (or other gasses) pressure, quality, content
Temperature (ambient, contact, non-contact)
Vibration
Humidity
Electromagnetic noise
Radio Interference
Acoustic data
Pressure
Heart rate
