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A- Level Biology Lance > Ultrastructure of the cell > Flashcards

Ultrastructure of the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the Centriole,

A

Small, hollow cylinders made of microtubules, 2 bundles of microtubules at right angles to each over

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2
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Small protein cylinders

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3
Q

What is the function of the Centriole?

A

Assists with the separation of chromosomes.

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4
Q

Describe the Cilia.

A

small, hair-like structures.

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5
Q

What does the cross section of cilia look like?

A

outer ring membrane with a ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules inside, with 2 in the middle.

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6
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

To move substances along the cell surface.

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7
Q

Describe the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).

A

System of fluid filled cavities enclosed by membrane with the surface covered with ribosomes.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Transports proteins made by the ribosomes.

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9
Q

Describe the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

System of fluid filled cavaties enclosed by a membrane.

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10
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

To synthesize and process lipids

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11
Q

Describe a vesicle.

A

Small fluid filled sac surrounded by a membraine.

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12
Q

What is the function of a vesicle?

A

To transport substances in and out of the cell and between different organelles.

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13
Q

Describe the Golgi Apparatus / body

A

A group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus / body?

A

To process and package new lipids and proteins and make lysosomes.

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15
Q

Describe a Mitochondrion.

A

Oval shaped, with a double membrane of which the inner is folded to form the cristae. In the center is the matrix with enzymes.

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16
Q

What is the function of mitochondrion?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and where ATP is produced.

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17
Q

Where would you find lots of mitochondria?

A

In very active cells that require a lot of energy.

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18
Q

Name the 4 structures in a chloroplast.

A

Stroma, Granum, Double membrane and lamella

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19
Q

Describe a chloroplast.

A

Flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane with an membrane inside called thylakoid membranes. These are stacked to form Grana which is linked by Lamella.

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20
Q

What membrane is stacked to make a Granum?

A

Thylakoid membrane

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21
Q

What mostly makes up the plasma membrane

A

Lipids and proteins

22
Q

What is on the outside of the nucleus

A

The nuclear envelope

23
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

To regulate the movement of substances and respond to hormone with receptor molecules.

24
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing pores. The nucleus contains chromatin and a structure called the nucleolus.

25
Q

What is in the center of the nucleus?

A

Chromatin and the nucleolus

26
Q

What makes up chromatin?

A

DNA and proteins

27
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

Making ribosomes

28
Q

Describe a lysosome.

A

Round organelle surrounded by membrane

29
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Powerful digestive enzymes

30
Q

What do the enzymes in lysosomes do?

A

Digest invading cells and break down worn out components of the cell.

31
Q

Where would you find ribosomes?

A

Floating free in the cytoplasm or connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

32
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthisise proteins

33
Q

Where are new proteins transported to from the rough ER

A

The golgi apparatus

34
Q

How are proteins threads arranged in Eukaryotic cells?

A

As Microfilaments and Microtubules

35
Q

How would you describe the cytoskeleton?

A

As a network of protein threads.

36
Q

What is the cytoskeletons 4 main functions?

A

-Support organelles and keep them in position.
-Strengthen the cell and maintain its shape.
-Move materials in the cell such as chromosomes in division.
-Cause the cell to move by moving flagella and cilia.

37
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Small solid strands of protein.

38
Q

What shape is DNA in prokaryotes?

A

circular

39
Q

What shape is DNA in eukaryotes?

A

Linear

40
Q

What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes?

A

polysaccharide but not cellulose or chitin

41
Q

What makes up the cell wall in fungi?

A

Chitin

42
Q

What makes up the cell wall in plant cells?

A

Cellulose

43
Q

What makes a flagella in prokaryotes?

A

The protein flagellin arranged in a helix

44
Q

What makes up a flagella in eukaryotes

A

microtubule proteins arranged in a 9 + 2 formation

45
Q

What does the stain methylene blue stain and what colour is produced?

A

stains living cells a dark blue and substances such as chromatin

46
Q

What does iodine stain and what colour is produced?

A

stains living plant cells a very dark blue

47
Q

what does acidified phloroglucinol stain and what colour is produced?

A

stains lignin cells (wall of xylem) a bright red

48
Q

what does acetic orcein stain and what colour is produced?

A

Stains nuclei and chromosomes a red

49
Q

What does eosin stain and what colour is produced?

A

Stains some organelles and cytoplasm a pink colour

Structures or organelles

50
Q

What does light green stain and what colour is produced?

A

stains plant cell walls a green.

A- Level Biology Lance (1 decks)

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