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ultrastructure + function of organellses in cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

A cell

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are single-celled and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are complex and have a nucleus.

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3
Q

Define prokaryotic cells.

A

Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells.

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4
Q

Define eukaryotic cells.

A

Cells that make up multi-cellular organisms and contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells include those found in plants and animals.

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5
Q

What is the approximate size range of eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 um

Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.

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6
Q

What allows the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells to be observed?

A

Electron microscope

Electron microscopes provide higher resolution images than light microscopes.

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7
Q

What occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

Chemical reactions

The cytoplasm is the site where many cellular processes take place.

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8
Q

What separates the cell cytoplasm from the external environment?

A

Cell surface membrane or plasma membrane

This membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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9
Q

What are organelles?

A

Different structures inside the cell cytoplasm

Organelles perform various functions necessary for cell survival.

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10
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic organisms have genetic information as linear chromosomes.

A

True

Eukaryotic cells contain their genetic material organized into chromosomes within the nucleus.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic organisms contain numerous _______.

A

specialised organelles

These organelles perform specific functions within the cell.

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12
Q

What is the site of aerobic respiration in an animal cell?

A

Mitochondrion

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13
Q

What regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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14
Q

What structure takes part in cell division and forms spindle fibres?

A

Centrioles

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15
Q

What contains genetic information and regulates metabolic cell activity?

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

What modifies and packages newly made proteins into vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

What transports materials around the cell or out of the cell?

A

Vesicle

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18
Q

What is the dense spherical structure inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

It synthesises and transports proteins.

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20
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm in an animal cell?

A

Where metabolic reactions take place.

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21
Q

What is responsible for protein synthesis when attached to the ER?

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

What synthesises carbohydrates and lipids in an animal cell?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

23
Q

What are lysosomes and what do they contain?

A

They are vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

24
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with proteins embedded in the layer.

25
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Maintains cell shape and stores chemicals needed for metabolic reactions.

26
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and has nuclear pores?

A

Nuclear envelope

27
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

RNA and ribosomes.

28
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes.

29
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae. No ribosomes.

30
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do with newly made proteins?

A

Receives, modifies, and packages them into vesicles.

31
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small spherical membrane bound sacs with fluid inside.

32
Q

What is the function of transport vesicles?

A

Transport materials inside the cell.

33
Q

What do secretory vesicles transport?

A

Proteins that are to be released from the cell to the cell surface membrane.

34
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Break down waste material including old organelles.

35
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

At the ribosomes.

36
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small spherical membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes.

37
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Tiny organelles attached to rough ER or free floating in the cell, consisting of two sub-units and not surrounded by a membrane.

38
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Organelles with two membranes; the inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae.

39
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of the final stages of cellular respiration.

40
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Small tubes of protein fibres that form spindle fibres during cell division.

41
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Process of vesicles fusing with plasma membrane and secreting contents.

42
Q

What is one key function of animal cells?

A

To synthesise proteins for use inside the cell, for cell multiplication, and for secretion out of the cell.

43
Q

Where are proteins synthesised in animal cells?

A

On ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

44
Q

What happens to newly synthesised proteins in the rough ER?

A

They are transported through the cisternae and packaged into vesicles.

45
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To modify and package newly synthesised proteins into vesicles.

46
Q

What do secretory vesicles do?

A

Transport proteins to the cell surface membrane for release.

47
Q

What is the structure of a plant cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose forming a sieve-like network.

48
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis, trapping light energy to produce carbohydrates.

49
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A membrane-bound sac in the cytoplasm that contains cell sap.

50
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Maintains turgor to ensure a rigid framework in the cell.

51
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

The partially permeable membrane of the vacuole.

52
Q

What is an amyloplast?

A

A double membrane-bound sac containing starch granules.

53
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Microscopic channels which cross the cell walls of plant cells.

54
Q

What are pits in plant cells?

A

Pores in the cell walls of the xylem.

. (4 decks)

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