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P2 PHYSICS > Ultrasound I > Flashcards

Ultrasound I Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a small aperture cause?

A

Divergent beam (diffraction)

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2
Q

What does a large aperture cause?

A

Poor lateral resolution

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3
Q

Large wavelength (low frequency)

A

Poor axial resolution

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4
Q

Small wavelength (high frequency)

A

High attenuation

Low penetration depth

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5
Q

What is used for simple disc transducer?

A

The same transducer is used for both transmission and reception in

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6
Q

What does the points in transmission beam have?

A

Greatest intensity will also be the points in the receive beam where a point source would produce the greatest electrical signal at the transducer

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7
Q

What is beam transmitted by?

A

Simple disc transducer

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8
Q

What is the transducer?

A

A device that actually converts electrical transmission pulse into ultrasonic pulse and echo pulse into electrical echo signals

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9
Q

What is the piezoelectric material?

A

Used for transducers in medical imaging

Synthetic ceramic material: lead zirconate titanate PZT

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10
Q

What is Piezoelectric effect?

A

Electricity

Contraction/expansion of PZT plate

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11
Q

What is piezoelectric plate?

A

The actual sound-generating and detecting component
Piezoelectric material expand or contract when a postiitive or negative electrical voltage is applied actors them and generate a positive or negative voltages when compressed or stretched by an external force

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12
Q

What is the thin plate of PZT coated on both sides with?

A

Conductive paint
Forming electrodes to which electrical connections are bonded
Oscillating voltage is applied to the electrodes making the PZT element expand and contract to the required frequency

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13
Q

What does back and forth movement of front face send?

A

An ultrasonic wave into the patients tissue

In reception, the pressure variations of returning echoes cause the PZT plate to contract and expand

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14
Q

What is the voltage generated the electrodes directly proportional to?

A

Pressure variations, giving an electrical version of the ultrasonic echo

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15
Q

What is used for both transmission and reception?

A

Duality

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16
Q

What does oscillating voltage cause?

A

Changing thickness

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17
Q

What do all transducer element have?

A

Same basic component:

  1. A piezoelectric plate
  2. A matching layer
  3. Backing layer
  4. Lens
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18
Q

What is transmission beam?

A

Corridor along which pulse travels

Beam width = lateral pulse width

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19
Q

What is reception beam?

A

Region in Which the point source must lie to produce a detectable signal at the transducer

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20
Q

What are identical for disc transducer?

A

Transmission and reception beam

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21
Q

What are beak near field and far field called?

A

Near field - Fresnel zone

Far field - Fraunhofer zone

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22
Q

What are the two methods for ultrasound beam focusing?

A
  1. Concaved piezoelectric element

2. Acoustic lens in front of the element

23
Q

What do modern transducers use?

A

Electronic focusing with an array of transducer elements

24
Q

What are the two ways that focusing is achieved ?

A
  1. A curved source

2. An acoustic lens

25
Q

How is curved source manufactured?

A

Radius of curvatures of F and hence produce curved wave fronts which converge at a focus F cm from source

26
Q

What is acoustic lens attached to?

A

Face of a flat source and produces curved wave fronts by refraction at its outer surface

27
Q

What are areas transducers?

A

Rows of small sources

28
Q

How is image cross section obtained from the patient ?

A

The beam is moved electronically along the length of the transducer face sweeping out a flat scan plane

29
Q

What are the transmitting and receiving apertures of array transducers?

A

Generally rectangular rather than circular
- beams will have a rectangular cross section close to the transducer - becoming roughly elliptical towards the focal region and beyond

30
Q

What does array transducers allow for?

A

Beam to be moved instantly between positions and give the additional benefit of allowing the shape and size of beam to be changed to suit the needs of each examination

31
Q

What happens in linear-array transducer ?

A

Focusing the scan plane is achieved entirely by electronic means - a cyclindrical plane perpendicular to scan plane

32
Q

What happens in phased-array transducer?

A

The lens may have some curvature in the scan plane and elevation plane

33
Q

What does linear arrays offer?

A

Rectangular FOV

Maintain its width close up to the transducer face - region of interest extend right up in to the surface

34
Q

What are all the elements in the phased array used to form?

A

Transmit and receive be for every scan line

35
Q

What is the principle behind beam steering?

A

It follows automatically from arranging for the transmission focus and the multiple-receive foci to lie on all oblique scan line

36
Q

What is scattering largely responsible for?

A

Speckle
Grainy appearance of ultrasound images
Small scale variations in acoustic properties

37
Q

Define backscatter

A

Energy scattered back in the direction of transducer

38
Q

What are backscattered ultrasound signals ?

A

Very weak

39
Q

What is also attenuated?

A

Echoes returning through tissue to the transducer

40
Q

What is the aim for B-mode image?

A

Relate the display brightness to the strength of reflection at each interface regardless of its depth

41
Q

What are weaker?

A

Echoes from more distant targets than those from closer ones

42
Q

What is time-gain compensation?

A

Compensate for attenuation by amplifying echoes from deep tissue much more than those from superficial tissues

43
Q

What is TGC?

A

Increasing the amplification echo signals with time

Makes use of an amplifier whose gains can be controlled electronically so that it can be changed with time

44
Q

What is the process of TGC?

A

At the start of pulse-echo sequence, as echoes are being received from the most superficial interfaces, the gain is set to a low value. It is then increased with time to apply a higher gain to echoes arriving from greater depth

45
Q

What happens after TGC?

A

Echoes from a similar interface should be equal in amplitude regardless of depth

46
Q

What is the assumption of ultrasound image formation?

A
  1. Constant speed of sound (1540 m/a)
  2. Beam axis is straight
  3. Each pulse travels only along beam axis
  4. Attenuation coefficient is constant
  5. The beam has no thickness in elevational direction
47
Q

When do artefact occur ?

A

When assumptions are broken down

Ultrasound image artefact are often subtle

48
Q

What is acoustic shadowing?

A

Due to highly attenuating body
Occurs distal to a region of increased attenuation where all the echoes in the shadow are reduced compared to those arising lateral to the shadow

The undercompensated echoes are displayed at a reduced brightness

49
Q

What is enhancement?

A

Occurs posterior to region of low attenuation

Compensation is applied to echoes behind the cyst

50
Q

What is reflection artefact?

A

When an ultrasound wave propagated in the form of a beam - the direction of propagation is beam axis which may be deviated by a change in speed of sound

51
Q

What is mirror image artefact?

A

Arises due to specular reflection of beam at a larger smooth surface

52
Q

What are artefact related to variation in speed of sound?

A
  1. Target misregistration
    - depth errors
    - refraction
  2. Distortion of interfaces
  3. Measurement errors
53
Q

What is slice thickness artefact?

A

Observed in a longitudinal image of a blood vessel whose diameter is comparable to the slice thickness

Reduced by the use of a multi row transducer

P2 PHYSICS (16 decks)

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