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Physics SON-111AB-2B1 > Ultrasound Basic Physics Principles > Flashcards

Ultrasound Basic Physics Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance over which a wave repeats itself during one period of oscillation

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2
Q

Power

A

Rate of energy flow over the entire beam of sound

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3
Q

Intensity

A

Power per unit area

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4
Q

Attenuation

A

Reduction in amplitude and intensity of a sound wave as it propagates through a medium

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5
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles per second that a periodic event or function undergoes

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6
Q

Refraction

A

Change in the direction of propagation of a sound wave transmitted across an interface where the speed of sound varies

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7
Q

Amplitude

A

Strength of the ultrasound measured in decibels

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8
Q

Decibel (dB)

A

Unit used to quantitatively express the ratio of two amplitudes or intensities

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9
Q

Pulsed Repetition Frequency

A

In pulse-echo instruments, it is the number of pulses launched per second by the transducer

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10
Q

Acoustic Propagation Properties

A

The effects of soft tissue on ultrasound

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11
Q

Biological Effects

A

Effects of the sound wave upon the biologic tissue

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12
Q

Pressure

A

Concentration of force within an area, force/area

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13
Q

Density

A

Concentration of mass within a volume

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14
Q

Distance

A

Measure of Particle motion

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15
Q

Transverse Wave

A

Particles move in a perpendicular direction (Right angles or 90 degrees) to the direction of the wave

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16
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

Particles move in the same direction as the wave

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17
Q

Period

A

Time required to complete a single cycle; time from start of cycle to start of next cycle

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18
Q

Propagation Speed

A

Rate that sound travels through a medium, also called velocity or speed

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19
Q

In-phase Wave

A

Amplitude of new, combined wave is greater than original two waves

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20
Q

Out-phase Wave

A

Amplitude of new, combined wave is less than one of the original wave

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21
Q

Pulse Duration

A

The actual time from the start of a pulse to the end of that pulse

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22
Q

Spatial Pulse Length

A

The distance that a pulse occupies in space from the start to the end of a pulse

23
Q

Pulse Repetition Period

A

The time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next pulse

24
Q

Duty Factor

A

The percentage or fraction of time that the system is transmitting a pulse

25
Q

Rayleigh Scattering

A

Light scatters in every direction due to smaller particles

26
Q

Attenuation Coefficient

A

Is the number of decibels of attenuation that occurs when sound travels one centimeter or the amount of attenuation per CM

27
Q

Absorption

A

Is the most sizable component of attenuation

28
Q

Half Value Layer Thickness

A

Is the distance that sound travels in a tissue that reduces the intensity of sound to half its original value

29
Q

Pulsed Sound

A

A collection of cycles that travel together

30
Q

Impedance

A

The total opposition to the flow of sound energy

31
Q

Scattering

A

Deflection of sound when it strikes a reflecting surface

32
Q

Specular Reflection

A

Reflection from a very smooth surface

33
Q

Diffuse Reflection

A

Reflection from a relatively rough surface

34
Q

Constructive Interference

A

Displacements of the two waves are in the same direction. The two waves are said to be “in phase” (The phase difference is 0 degrees)

35
Q

Destructive Interference

A

Displacements of the two waves are in the opposite direction. The two waves are said to be “out of phase” (The phase difference is 180 degrees)

36
Q

Stiffness

A

The resistance of material to compression

37
Q

Density

A

The concentration of matter (Mass per unit volume)

38
Q

Peak

A

The highest intensity area or time of the sound beam (Maximum value)

39
Q

Average

A

Take peak, low, and medium intensities and average them together to get average intensity (Mean value)

40
Q

Temporal

A

Occurs with time

41
Q

Spatial

A

Related to space/area of the beam

42
Q

Snell’s Law

A

A law in physics: the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is constant for all incidences in any given pair of media for electromagnetic waves of a definite frequency

43
Q

Range Equation

A

A relationship between the distance to a reflector and the time it takes for a pulse of ultrasound to propagate to the reflector and return to the transducer

44
Q

Normal Incidence

A

90 degrees

45
Q

Oblique Incidence

A

Anything other than 90 degrees (Not right angles)

46
Q

Directly Proportional

A

Increasing or decreasing together with a constant ratio

47
Q

Related or Proportional

A

Properly related in size, degree, or other measurable characteristics; corresponding

48
Q

Inversely Proportional

A

Related so that as one becomes larger the other becomes smaller

49
Q

Reciprocal Relationship

A

A relation of mutual dependence or action or influence

50
Q

13 Microsecond Rule

A

In soft tissue, every 13 micro sec of go-return time means the reflector is 1 cm deeper in the body

51
Q

Medium

A

Tissue through which sound travels

52
Q

Source

A

The transducer and ultrasound machine

53
Q

Pulsed Wave

A

Any modality which turns the transmitter on and off periodically so as to reduce range ambiguity

Physics SON-111AB-2B1 (5 decks)

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