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Physics Principles > Ultrasound Basic Physics Principles > Flashcards

Ultrasound Basic Physics Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

a mathemamatical relationship whereby two phyical are related; increasing or decreasing together, and with a constant ratio

A

Directly Proportional

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2
Q

Describes a relative relationship between two variables

A

Related or Proportional

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3
Q

Implies an opposite relationship between two variables.

A

Inversely Proportional

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4
Q

the absolute inverse of a quantity.

A

Reciprocal Relationship

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5
Q

The term for sound energy travel from one thing to another through a medium

A

Acoustic Propagation Properties

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6
Q

An undesired biological change to tissues as a result of interaction with the ultrasound beam (ex. heat)

A

Biologic Effects

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7
Q

concentration of force, units: lb/sq inch, Pascals Pa

A

Pressure

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8
Q

concentration of mass or weight, units: kg/cubic cm

A

Density

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9
Q

measure of particle motion, units: cm, feet, miles

A

Distance

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10
Q

A wave that oscillates perpendicular to the axis along which the wave travels.

A

Transverse Wave

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11
Q

waves that molecules vibrate in the same direction as the energy travels

A

Longitudinal Wave

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12
Q

Two waves with the same frequency, therefore line up everywhere

A

In-phase wave

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13
Q

Waves with the same frequency but different phases

A

Out-of-phase wave

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14
Q

Greater wave interference +

A

Constructive Interference

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15
Q

Lesser wave interference -

A

Destructive Interference

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16
Q

transducer

A

Source

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17
Q

The material through which a mechanical waves propagate

A

Medium

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18
Q

The time of a cycle

A

Period

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19
Q

How many cycles per second

A

Frequency

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20
Q

Strength of the beam

A

Amplitude

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21
Q

Rate that work is performed; rate of energy transfer

A

Power

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22
Q

Concentration of energy in certain areas of the sound beam

A

Intensity

23
Q

The distance of one cycle

A

Wavelength

24
Q

The speed at which the cycles travel

A

Propagation speed

25
Q

The concentration of matter (mass per unit volume)

A

Density

26
Q

The resistance of material to compression

A

Stiffness

27
Q

Collection of cycles that travel together

A

Pulsed Sound

28
Q 
Time from the start of one pulse to the end of the pulse, 
# of cycles in the pulse x period or # of cycles in pulse/frequency
A

Pulse Duration

29
Q

The distance a pulse occupies in space
from the start of one pulse to the end of the pulse,
units: meter, mm, any unit of distance,
# of cycles in the pulse x wavelength

A

Spatial Pulse Length

30
Q

Time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next, units: seconds, microseconds

A

Pulse Repetition Period

31
Q

Number of pulses that occur in a single second, units: Hz or per second

A

Pulse Repetition Frequency

32
Q

Percentage of time that the system is transmitting a pulse (or ‘on’ / not listening)

A

Duty Factor

33
Q

space related (physical dimension)

A

Spatial

34
Q

the highest intensity area or time of the sound beam (maximum value)

A

Peak

35
Q

take peak, low, and medium intensities and average them together to get average intensity (mean value)

A

Average

36
Q

(time related) variations

A

Temporal

37
Q

a collection of cycles that travel together

A

Pulsed

38
Q

1/10th of a Bel, Bel is a logarithmic ratio of the relative power in two acoustic beams

A

Decibel

39
Q

reduction in intensity as wave travels through a medium

A

Attenuation

40
Q

When some of the energy of the beam is reflected back to form an echo, while the remainder of the beam carries on traveling forward through the tissue

A

Reflection- Specular

41
Q

When the interface is rough and the undulations are approximately one wavelength or less then sound is reflected in all directions

A

Reflection- Diffuse

42
Q

the random redirection of sound waves in multiple directions

A

Scattering

43
Q

sound scatters symmetrically in all directions

A

Rayleigh Scattering

44
Q

Transfer of energy from the sound beam to the medium (tissue) through which it is traveling.

A

Absorption

45
Q

attenuation occurring per/cm sound travel

A

Attenuation Coefficient

46
Q

The distance the sound beam penetrates into the tissue when its intensity is reduced to half the original value

A

Half Value Layer Thickness

47
Q

a material’s resistance to sound traveling through it (unit is Rayl

A

Impedance

48
Q

Perpendicular, Orthogonal, Right Angle, Ninety Degrees (PORN) – Occurs when the sound beam strikes a boundary between 2 media at exactly 90 degrees

A

Normal Incidence

49
Q

sound beam strikes at any angle other than 90 degrees

A

Oblique Incidence

50
Q

When the beam encounters an interface between two different tissues at an oblique angle, the beam will be deviated as it travels through the tissue.

A

Refraction

51
Q

formula which gives the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction when beam of sound passes through an interface between two tissues where the speed of sound is different

A

Snell’s Law

52
Q

Relationship between round trip pulse-travel time (sound to interface and echo coming back from it), propagation speed, and distance to a reflector.

A

Range Equation

53
Q

In soft tissue, every 13 microsec of go-return time means the reflector is 1 cm deeper in the body.

A

13 Microsecond Rule

Physics Principles (4 decks)

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