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Practical > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound definition

A

Very high frequency sound above the audible range , is a longitudinal wave that produces compressions and rare fractions of ‘particles’

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2
Q

What happens when strikes boundary

A 
The beam is split int 4:
Transmitted beam
Refracted beam
Scattered beam
Reflected beam
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3
Q

What generates the image

A

The ultrasound machine generates an image based on amplitude and time taken for echo to return
Amplitude= brightness
Time taken= depth/location
The larger the difference in acoustic impedance, the greater the amount (amplitude) of reflections

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4
Q

The important settings are:

A

Frequency
Gain
Focus

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5
Q

Low Frequency =

A

E.g. 3.5MHz. Good depth of penetration but poor resolution

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6
Q

High Frequency =

A

E.g 10MHz Poor depth of penetration but good resolution

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7
Q

How to decide what frequency to use

A

Use the highest frequency that allows adequate penetration of structures.

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8
Q

What is gain

A

Is the amplitude applied to the returning echo. Is turned up for deeper tissues= time-gain compensation

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9
Q

Ultrasound and focus

A

Adjust focal zone to the region of interest

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10
Q

Transducer types

A

Sector transducer
Phased array transducer
Liner array transducer
Curved array transducer

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11
Q

Sector transducer ad and dis

A 
\+ small contact area
\+diverging beam
-reduced near field resolution
-diverging far field (reduced lateral resolution)
- moving parts (warm up before use)
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12
Q

Sector transducer common uses

A

Echo cardiology , intrathoracic and intra-abdominal organs, regions with small contact areas e.g. brain, eye, joints

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13
Q

Sector transducer

A

Mechanical crystal movement

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14
Q

Phased array transducers

A

Sector scanner with electronic steering of crystal emission

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15
Q

Phased array transducer ad and dis

A

+ small contact area
+diverging beam
+good resolution
- reduced near field resolution

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16
Q

Phased array transducer common uses

A

Echocardiology, thoracic structures,Abdominal organs, regions with small contact area ( brain, eye and joints)

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17
Q

Linear array transducers

A

Multiple crystals arranged in a line and sequentially triggered

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18
Q

Liner array transducers ad and dis

A 
\+ good near field resolution
\+parallel beams
\+no moving parts
- large contact area
-limited field of view
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19
Q

Linear array transducer common uses

A

Abdominal organs, muscles, joints and tendons

20
Q

Curved array transducers

A

Multiple crystals arranged in an arc and sequentially triggered
Also know as curvilinear transducer

21
Q

Curved array transducer ad and dis

A 
\+good near field resolution
\+no moving parts
\+diverging beam
-large contact area (but less than linear)
- diverging far field
22
Q

Curved array transducer common uses

A

Abdominal organs, pregnancy diagnosis

23
Q

Which is the best all purpose probe

A

Microconvex - type of curved array transducer- has smaller footprint

24
Q

When use ultrasound

A

Work-ups of the abdomen and heart
Excellent soft tissue detail
Real tim motion helps to assess organ function
Measurements can assess structure or function

25
Q

Limitations of ultrasound

A

Quality and usefulness depends on operator

Obtaining accurate and good quality images requires considerate practise and skill

26
Q

Which terms are used to describe ultrasound images

A

Anechoic
Hypoechoic
Medium echogenicity
Hyperechoic

27
Q

Anechoic

A

Produce no echo
Black on image
Fluid (blood,, bile, urine)

28
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Little echo produced
DARK GREY
E.g. tissues with high water content- cartilage, muscle, real medulla

29
Q

Medium echogenicity

A

Produce medium echo
Most soft tissues- liver spleen prostate, testes
Medium to light grey

30
Q

Hyperechoic

A

Much echo
E.g gas and bone and mineralised tissue and dense connective tissue
White appearance

31
Q

What are the characteristic of a desired environment for ultrasound

A
  • Plenty of time
  • Handler with bridle
  • Seadtion
  • Quiet
  • Dark
  • Enclosed space with room for manoeuvre
  • No other horses around
32
Q

How to prepare limb for ultrasound

A

Clip hair
Clean limb
Apply ultrasound coupling gel

33
Q

Why do you need to clip thehair on the limb you are going to ultrasound

A

Ultrasound waves can’t pass through the dry hair/air interface

34
Q

What do you clean the limb with

A

Clean with dilute chlorhexidine to remove grease

35
Q

Why do you need to clean the limb that you are going to ultrasound

A

Grease and dirt will affect the passage of the ultrasound waves into the tissues and may result in artefact production

36
Q

Why do yo need to apply ultrasound coupling gel when you are ultrasounding

A

Allows ultrasound waves to pass from the transducer (probe) into the tissues and back again. You will not gain an image if there is an air gap

37
Q

Which type of transducer is used when ultrasounding distal limb of horse

A

Linear array transducer

38
Q

What frequency is used wen ultrasounding the distal limb of the horse

A

7.5 and 10 MHz is used

39
Q

When ultrasounding the distal limb of the horse what plane is used

A

Need to image in a longitudinal and a transverse plane

40
Q

What is the normal appearance of the SDFT on an ultrasound

A

Is homogenous and echogenic

Palmar is to thee top of the image

41
Q

What is the normal appearance of the DDFT on an ultrasound

A

Is homogenous and echogenic but has increased echogenicity compared to SDFT

42
Q

What is the normal appearance of the Acessory ligament of the ddft on an ultrasound

A

Is homogenous and echogenic

43
Q

What is the normal appearance of the suspensory ligament on an ultrasound image

A

Contains muscle, connective tissue, fat and ligament fibres and so appears heterogenous and can contain hypoechoic areas

44
Q

What should a lesion be described in terms of on an ultrasound

A 
Location
Size
Shape
Changes in echogenicity 
Changes in normal architecture 
Anomalies
45
Q

How can a tendon lesion be graded for changes in echogenicity

A

Type 1- slightly less echogenic than normal
Type 2 - half echogenic and half and hoof
Type 3 - mostly anechoic
Type 4 - completely anechoic

46
Q

How can a tendon be scored for changes in fibre alignment on an ultrasound

A

Fibre pattern/alignment scoring (FAS) undertaken on a longitudinal view

0: >75% fibres aligned parallel to target path
1: 50-75% fibres aligned parallel to target path
2: 25-50% fibres aligned parallel to target path
3: <25% fibres aligned parallel to target path

47
Q

What tissues is ultrasound useful to look at

A

Soft tissue

Joints (dynamic)

Practical (5 decks)

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