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PCM 3 Test 1 > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

What is POCUS

A

Point of care US: done at bedside to guide the treatment of the patient.

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2
Q

POCUS is done to answer a specific question. like what?

A

is there an effusion

is there gallstones

is there hydronephrosis

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3
Q

How does POCUS benefit patients and docs?

A

improves diagnositc accuracy, while bringing doc to bedside

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4
Q

What are advantages of POCUS?

A
  1. No ionizing radiation
  2. noninvasive
  3. protable
  4. easy and FAST
  5. immediate feedback
  6. not expensive
  7. easily repeated, so enhances docs ability to perform serial reassessment
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5
Q

What are disadvangtes of POCUS?

A

1. operator dependent

2. Poor image quality with fat and or air

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6
Q

what is the physics of a US probe?

A
  1. US has crystals like quartz.
  2. Electrical current causes crystals to vibrate => produce sound/pressure waves
  3. Waves travel and hit object
  4. Some waves are reflexted back to probe
  5. Sound waves hit => create electrical current => converted to image.
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7
Q

_____ (Hz) is the number of times/second a wave is generated

A

frequncy

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8
Q

_____ is the distance the wave travels in a single cycle

A

wavelength

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9
Q

how is wavelength & frequency related?

A

inversely; high frequency = shorter wavelength

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10
Q

What type of sounds penetrate more deeply into tissue?

  • High frequency/shorter wavelenth
  • Low frequency/ longer wavelength
A

Low frequency/ longer wavelength

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11
Q

What kind of probes are best for deep tissue, used to see abdominal structures (aorta, kidney, gallbladder?

What is a downside to this?

A

Low frequency probes

Bad resolution

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12
Q

What kind of probes are best for superficial things (BV, breast tissue and thyroid tissue)

What is a downside to this?

A

High frequency probes

Poor penetration but GOOD resolution

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13
Q

Name the 3 different types of probes.

A
    1. Linear (vascular) probe
  • 2. Sector or phased array (cardiac) probe
    1. Curvilinear (curved array or abdominal) probe
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14
Q

Linear probe (vascular)

  • _________ frequency and resolution
  • Used for:
  • Pros:
A
  • Higher
  • Superficial scanning & procedural guidance
  • Lateral resolution is preserved
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15
Q

Sector or phased array probe (cardiac)

_________ frequency

Used for:

Pros:

A
  • Lower
  • Intercostal scanning bc it has a small footprint
  • High frame rates
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16
Q

Curvilinear (cuved array or abdominal) probe

_________ frequency

Used for:

Pros:

A
  • Lower frequency
  • abdominal
  • Large field of view and large footprint
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17
Q

US is best for ID’ing what?

A
  1. kidneys
  2. liver
  3. spleen
18
Q

Besides kidneys, liver and spleen, US can also be used to ID:

A

heart

aorta

IVC

Bladder

19
Q

Morrisons pouch is on the ____ flank and is a _____ view

A

Right flank

Hepatorenal view

20
Q

FAST (Focused assessment with sonography for trauma) is used as what?

A

Quick screening test for trauma patients to detect [intraperitoneal/pericardial/pleural fluid, hemothorax, pneumothorax].

21
Q

IF we find nothing on FAST scan, does that rule out intrabdominal injury?

A

NOO; has limited sensitivity

22
Q

Where is morrisons pouch located?

whats structures does it include

A

RUQ at the edge of the lower lateral thoracic cage.

includes: liver, kidney and diapragm

23
Q

Perisplenic view is located on _____

A

L flank

24
Q

the ability of a structure to reflect sound waves or echoes

A

echogenicity

25
Q

Structure does not reflect sound waves and appears black (fluid)

A

Anechoic

26
Q

Structure reflects very few echoes and appear darker than surrounding tissue

A

hypoechoic

27
Q

echogenic structure; appears brigher than surrounding tissue

A

hyperechoic

28
Q

common artifact that occurs when the sound waves encounter a highly reflective surface

A

acoustic shadowing

29
Q

what appears deep to highly reflective surface that undergoes acoustic shadowing?

A

Hypoechoic or anechoic area

30
Q

Why are structures deep to highly reflective surfaces in acostic shadowing hypoechoic or anechoic?

Give an example

A

sound waves cannot get behind or around structure

gall stones

31
Q

What is posterior acoustic enhancement?

give an example

A
  • articfact that occurs when a structure behind an anechoic structure appears very ecogenic/bright because little sound waves are lost traveling though fluid filled structure
  • Ex. Bladder.
32
Q

What is edge artifact?

A
  • Sound that is bent by a structure in parallel with a US beam and does not return to the probe, creating a shadow behind the surface.
33
Q

When is an edge artifact usually seen?

A
  1. fluid fileld structures (GB)
  2. vessels in transverse imaging
34
Q

what is a mirror artififact

A
  • mirror image of highly refective strucure that is distal to the probe
  • appears bottom or periphery of screen
35
Q

Reverbaration artifact is typically seen with ________ and looks like what?

A

line placement

mutuple intermittant echoes that run parallel to needle.

36
Q

What are the 4 cardinal probe movements?

A
  • 1. Sliding: slide along skin w/o changing angle
  • 2. Rocking/heel-toe: tilt along indicator
  • 3. Fanning/sweeping: tilt perpendicular to axis of indicator
  • 4. Rotating or twisting: rotate about axis, w/o tilting
37
Q

Diagnostic US has never been shown to harm humans and safe for fetal imaging at all gestational ages.

Even then, what do we practice?

A

ALARA (as low as resonably acheivable) exposure to US in ANY given test

38
Q

Where is the probe marker oriented with longitudinal scanning?

What about transverse scanning?

A
  • to the head
  • to the patients right, so image will look similar to CT.
    • EXCEPT cardiac, marker is on the left
39
Q

what happens if you flip the probe

A

flip orientation of screen

40
Q

where does the concept of ALARA come from?

A

use of ionizing radition in CXRs

PCM 3 Test 1 (9 decks)

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