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Ultrasound Imagining > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pros of ultrasound?

A
  • non-invasive
  • performed on conscious patients
  • differentiate soft tissue from fluid
  • real time on moving image produced
  • do not damage living cells.
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2
Q

What are the cons of ultrasound?

A
  • unable to penetrate bone or air and so cannot be used to assess the skeletal system.
  • interpretation of images requires skill and practice.
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3
Q

What is the ultrasound beam produced by?

A

a transducer probe.

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4
Q

What is inside the probe?

A
  • special crystals = piezo-electric crystals..
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5
Q

What happens to the crystals during an ultrasound procedure?

A

The electrical current is applied and causes it to vibrate and alter their shape.
this is called the piezoelectric effect.

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6
Q

What happens when the probe is close to the body cavity?

A

when close contact with the skin, the vibrations are sent to the tissues in the form of sound waves.

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7
Q

what happens to the sound waves after close contact with skin?

A

They are reflected back and received by the transducer and causes the crystals to vibrate.
thus converting into an image.

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8
Q

What is acoustic impedance?

A

indicates how much sound pressure is generated by the vibration of molecules.

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9
Q

what is “high” acoustic impedance?

A

the sound waves are reflected back.

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10
Q

what is “low” acoustic impedance?

A

the sound waves penetrate the material without being absorbed.

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11
Q

What is anechoic?

A

when no echoes are reflected back to the transducer e.g. fluid

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12
Q

what is hyperechoic?

A

when lots of echo ar reflected back, e.g. bone, masses.

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13
Q

what is hypoechoic?

A

when small or low numbers of echoes are reflected back e.g. different tissue types, soft tissue.

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14
Q

what is acoustic enhancement?

A
  • area is increased brightness underneath fluid resulting from the lack of impedance.
  • when the sound wave pass through, fluid and increases echoes from underneath structure.
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15
Q

what are three types of transducers?

A
  • sector
  • linear
  • curved
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16
Q

what is the sector transducer?

A
  • a narrow fan image near the transducer.
  • increase i width with deeper penetration.
    -cons = poor near field resolution.
    this is mostly used in practice.
17
Q

what is linear transducer?

A
  • sound waves that are produced parallel to each other.
  • mainly used in large animals rectal examination.
  • cons = artefacts are created when applied to a curved part of the body.
  • it can create air gaps between skin and transducer.
18
Q

what is curved transducer?

A
  • compromised of the linear and sector scanner.
  • density of the scan lines decreases with increasing distance from the transducer.
  • can be difficult to use in curved regions of the body. e.g. spleen behind the left costal margin.
19
Q

How do you maintain the equipment?

A
  • equipment is expensive.
  • probe must be cleaned after each patient with the recommended cleaner.
  • DO NOT USE SURGICAL SPIRIT.
  • avoid dropping the probe.
  • must be stored in a padded case.
  • any damages should be reported to a suitably qualified engineer.
20
Q

There are four different modes, what are they?

A
  • A Mode
  • B Mode
  • M Mode
  • Doppler
21
Q

What is A-Mode?

A
  • Amplitude Mode
  • graphic display rather than an image.
  • purpose of measuring between tissue interfaces.
  • e.g. foetal skull size to ass maturity.
  • Not common in veterinary practice.
22
Q

what is B-mode?

A
  • brightness mode
  • give us a 2D representation of cross sectional anatomy.
  • each echo is given a grey scale value relating to strength of echo.
  • most common in practice.
  • used to diagnose pregnancy and view structure of the abdomen.
23
Q

what is m-mode?

A

-motion

  • how the position of tissue interfaces alter with time.
  • produced in wavy lines.
  • m-mode is used in cardiology to diplay the movement of the heart valves.
  • this is recorded in shades of grey.
24
Q

what is the doppler?

A
  • used to detect movement.
  • usually the flow of blood.
  • but can be asses through:
    1) direction of flow
    2) speed of flow
    3) flow pattern
    4) vessel stenosis
25
Q

how prepared does the patient need to be?

A
  • patients fur is clipped and skin is cleaned.
    (air/dirt/grease are poor conductors and will reduce the quality of the image).
  • skin cleaned with chlorhexidine.
  • a special coupling gel is applied to the transducer and the patient.
  • patient needs to be monitored throughout to ensure tolerance and to prevent grooming (conscious) and especially if sedated/anaesthetised.
26
Q

What necessary position do small animals have to be in?

A
  • Dorsal
  • Lateral
  • Soft bedding used, to prevent injury.
27
Q

What four areas are ultrasound used?

A
  • tendon and ligament injury.
  • orthopaedics
  • pregnancy scanning
  • biopsy and FNA guidance.

Ultrasound Imagining (1 decks)

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