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Diagnostic Studies > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

US Physics Principles (4 “steps”)

A
  1. Sound waves are tiny vibrations in air pressure
  2. These vibrations move at a constant speed and reflect a counstant amount back while moving through similar media (ie soft tissues)
  3. When vibrations encounter different media (ie fluid, air, bone), these vibrations will dramatically change.
  4. This is what accounts for image-creation in US
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2
Q

Media good for US (2)

A
  1. Soft tissue
  2. Fluid-filled structures
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3
Q

US MOA (5 steps)

A
  1. Transducer emits a sound beam
  2. Sound beam encounters tissue and sends a specific echo back to the transducer
  3. The transducer calculates the time for the echo to return and correlates that with a distance traveled
  4. Machine draws a representing distance info
  5. Many dots together create an interpretable image
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4
Q

Transducer Operations

A
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5
Q

Detectable frequencies in:

  1. Human ear
  2. US machine
A
  1. Human ear: 20-20,000 cycles/sec (hz)
  2. US: 2,000,000-15,000,000 cycles/sec (hz)
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6
Q

Define Doppler Effect

A

Echoes emitted from moving objects vary in frequency compared to that same object in a stationary position

  • Frequency is higher from an object moving towards the receiver
  • Frequency is lower from an object moving away from the receiver
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7
Q

Doppler in US (3 purposes)

A
  1. Monitor fetal heart
  2. Evaluate blood flow in heart and carotid arteries
  3. Describe the following characteristics of blood flow
    • Presence/absence
    • Direction
    • Speed
    • Character
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8
Q

Doppler Presentation

A
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9
Q

Fluid appearance in US

A

Dark black c enhancement beyond the structure

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10
Q

Define “Enhancement”

A

Lack of attentuation causes sound passing through fluid filled structures to appear brighter than sound passing through tissue. This creates a lightened column beyond the fluid-filled structure

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11
Q

Define “Shadowing”

A

Failure of sound beam to pass through certain structrures, usually air or calcifications. Appears as a brighter structure (this absorbs all of the light) above a band of darkness.

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12
Q

Define “Edge Shadow”

A

Dark beams on either side of enhanced tissue due to reflection of incident beam off the sides of a fluid-filled object

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13
Q

Define “Anechoic”

A

A structure without internal echoes. These are tissues that do not show well on US, and will appear black.

Examples:

  • Bone
  • Blood vessels without doppler
  • Fat
  • Lymph notes
  • Nerves
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14
Q

Define “Complex” Tissue

A

Tissue that contains both fluid-filled (anechoic) and solid areas

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15
Q

Define “Cyst” in terms of US

A

Fluid-filled structure with the following qualities on US:

  1. Well-defined borders
  2. Anechoic (or nearly anechoic)
  3. Good acoustic enhancement
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16
Q

Define “Echogenic”/”Hyperechoic”

A

Descriptive term for a structure that produces brighter echos relative to its surroundings.

17
Q

Define “Hypoechoic”

A

Descriptive term for a structure that produces lower brightness (echogenicity) relative to its surroundings.

18
Q

Define “Homogeneous”

A

Tissue of uniform composition. In US, homogeneous tissues will appear the same.

See generally homoegenous liver texture:

19
Q

Define “Loculated”

A

Cystic structure divided into various compartments

20
Q

Most popular US applications, in terms of tissues studied (16)

A

Think about the composition of these tissues and how they are compatible with US

  1. Obstetrics
  2. Fetal brain
  3. Gynocology
    • Fertility
    • Palpable masses
  4. Breast
  5. Testicle
  6. Prostate
  7. Liver
  8. Gallbladder
  9. Pancreas
  10. Spleen
  11. Kidneys
  12. Thyroid
  13. Pediatric hips
  14. Echocardiography
  15. Aorta
  16. Doppler studies
    • Carotid arteries
    • Venous leg studies
    • Arterial leg studies
21
Q

Identify Pathology

A

AAA

Note anechoic structure with bulge in middle, representing the aneurism

22
Q

Identify Pathology

A

Interventricular Hemorrhage

23
Q

Identify Pathology

A

Hydronephrosis

Note heterogenic contrast between anechoic fluid sacs and normal tissue. Observe some enhancement beyond fluid portions of the kidney. Ultimately, kidney borders are definable.

24
Q

Identify Pathology

A

Kidney Stone

Note small echogenic/hyperechoic nodules with shadowing. Lateral border of kidney is at the top of the screen, renal pelvis is at the bottom.

25
Q

Identify Patholgy and Describe US features (This is an easy one…)

A

Gallstone

Note anechoic organ with a echogenic/hyperechoic, regularly bordered, generally homoegeneous mass. Observe strong shadowing beyond GS. Regular borders to the rest of the GB

26
Q

Identify Pathology

A

Liver metastasis

Note heterogenicity within clearly defined liver borders. Also to be noted, the anechoic mass is a blood vessel.

27
Q

Echocardiogram Views (4)

A
28
Q

FAST Scan (define, use, 4 areas examined)

A

Define: FAST stands for Focused Accessment c Sonography for Trauma. It is an emergency scan done to determine the extent of internal trauma.

Use: Examine for free fluid

Exam Areas:

  1. Perihepatic + Hepato-renal space
  2. Perisplenic
  3. Pelvis
  4. Pericardium
29
Q

Advantages of US (3)

A
  1. Fast, immediate results
  2. Cheap, especially compared to other modalities
  3. Good for the pt, no radiation

Diagnostic Studies (11 decks)

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