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Radiology > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

What does an ultrasound do?

A

Generate images that allow for evaluation of the texture of organs and providing real-time visualization of the functional ability of organs

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2
Q

Ultrasound imaging is based on the _______

A

conversion of energy

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3
Q

How does the ultrasound produce the images on the screen?

A

electrical energy is applied in pulses to a probe & is then converted to sound waves by crystals w/in the probe. Those sound waves are directed into the patient. The specific rate of the sound waves depends on the direction of the wave and density of the components that the waves encounter. The waves can be absorbed, scattered, or reflected back as an echo to the transducer

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4
Q

Sound waves are described by their _____ & _____

A

frequency & wavelength

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5
Q

Amplitude

A

height of the waves

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6
Q

Taller waves = ____ sound waves

A

louder

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7
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between each of the bands

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8
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wave cycles that occur each second

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9
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

The unit of measurement of frequency

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10
Q

One wave cycle per second is equal to ______ hertz

A

1

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11
Q

Most procedures in diagnostic ultrasound uses frequencies with a range between

A

2-15 MHz

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12
Q

Frequency and wavelength are ______ related when the speed through which the sound travels through a medium is _______

A

inversely; constant

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13
Q

Greater resolution is obtained with ____ wavelengths

A

shorter (same as w/ xrays)

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14
Q

Higher frequency of the shorter wavelength ______ penetrating power of the sound

A

reduces

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15
Q

Anechoic

A

areas that don’t generate an echo

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16
Q

How do anechoic areas appear?

A

Appear black on the final image & represent fluid-filled structures

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17
Q

Hyperechoic

A

areas w/ high intensity echo

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18
Q

How do hyperechoic areas appear?

A

appear very bright

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19
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Little returning echo

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20
Q

How do hypoechoic areas appear?

A

darker gray

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21
Q

Isoechoic

A

Areas w/ returning echoes that are the same as the surrounding tissues

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22
Q

What are the basic components of an ultrasound machine?

A

power source, transducer, control panel

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23
Q

What is a transducer consisted of?

A

Piezoelectric crystals that are arranged in a specific configuration (array)

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24
Q

What is the transducer?

A

Probe
Generates the sound waves & serves to receive the returning echoes

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25
Q

How does the transducer work?

A

The piezoelectric crystals w/in the probe being to vibrate and emit sound when electrical energy is applied to the probe

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26
Q

The range of frequencies the transducer can generate varies depending on what?

A

Thickness of the crystals

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27
Q

The frequency the transducer can generate is based on the _____ of the crystals

A

size

28
Q

What are examples of different types of transducers?

A

sector array, linear array, curvilinear array, phased array, annular array

29
Q

What does the configuration of the array in the probe dictate?

A

the application it is used for as well as the appearance of the image on the monitor

30
Q

What does a sector array transducer produce?

A

produces a wedge or pie shaped image

31
Q

What does a linear array transducer produce?

A

A rectangular shaped image
Useful when assessing blood flow

32
Q

What is the most common transducer?

A

Linear array

33
Q

What does a curvilinear array produce?

A

It is a type of linear array that is arranged into a convex curve

34
Q

What is the ideal use of microconvex versions of the curvilinear transducer?

A

most small animal patients & ideal for abdominal imaging

35
Q

What is a phased array transducer?

A

A transducer that has the crystals aligned linearly that are activated in sequence
Commonly used for cardiac studies

36
Q

What are annular array transducers?

A

Transducers characterized by crystals aligned in rings
Not in common use

37
Q

What does the control panel do?

A

Adjust the power, gain, time-gain compensation, brightness, contrast

38
Q

What does the power control on the control panel do?

A

alters the intensity of the sound wave (amplitude) generated by increasing the voltage to the transducer

39
Q

What happens when you apply a higher voltage to the transducer?

A

It generates sound pulses that are louder

40
Q

Louder pulses generate _________

A

louder echoes = brighter image

41
Q

What does the pulse repetition frequency control?

A

it can change the frequency or rate at which pulses are released

42
Q

Echoes from deeper tissues take ______ to return to the transducer than more superficial structures

A

longer

43
Q

The ultrasound waves lose ______ as they travel through tissues

A

amplitude (attenuated)

44
Q

What is used to determine the tissue characteristics?

A

The amplitude of the returning echo

45
Q

What does the gain control do?

A

Modify the strength of the returning echo

46
Q

What does time-gain compensation do?

A

Compensates for the difference in strength of the returning echo depending on the depth of the tissue.
It also allows the ultrasound image to be modified so that the inherent brightness of more superficial structures as compared to deeper structures is minimized

47
Q

What are the three primary display modes?

A

A mode
B mode
M mode

48
Q

What is a mode?

A

Amplitude Mode
Least commonly used
Displays returning echoes as peaks that designate their intensity

49
Q

What are the primary uses of A mode?

A

ophthalmology evaluations and measurement of subcutaneous fat in production animals (swine)

50
Q

What is B mode?

A

Brightness mode
Most commonly used
Displays returning echoes as bright dots on the monitor w/ varying degrees of brightness corresponding to the intensity of the returning signal

51
Q

What is M mode?

A

Motion mode
Creates a B mode image in motion

52
Q

What is the primary use of M mode?

A

Echocardiography

53
Q

What is a doppler ultrasound used for?

A

Evaluating blood flow

The velocity and direction of the flow of blood & other fluids can be determined as well

54
Q

How does a doppler ultrasound work?

A

the sound waves generated are reflected back to the probe when they encounter cells

55
Q

What are the varying types of doppler methods?

A

color, powder, pulse wave, continuous wave

56
Q

What are the primary uses of ultrasound in large animal medicine?

A

Pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring of fetal development

57
Q

What are other uses of ultrasound in large animal medicine?

A

Useful for detection of pleural fluid in horses & is ideal for detecting injuries to tendons and ligaments in performance horses
Evaluation of back fat in swine used for meat production

58
Q

What is the ultrasound used for in both large & small animal medicine?

A

Centesis and tissue biopsy

59
Q

What is an AFAST?

A

abdominal focused assessment w/ sonography for trauma
It detects and scores free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is a common feature in abdominal trauma

60
Q

True or False: Sound waves can travel through air

A

False

61
Q

How are large animals usually evaluated w/ the ultrasound?

A

In standing position

62
Q

What from the patient can cause artifacts into the images?

A

Movement, panting, tensing of muscles, struggling

63
Q

What position should the patient be in for an aFAST?

A

right lateral recumbency

64
Q

What position should the patient be in that has respiratory or cardiac compromise for an ultrasound?

A

Standing or sternal

65
Q

What are artifacts?

A

any result that does not reflect the actual characteristics of the tissue or organ being images

66
Q

True or False: Artifacts can either aid in diagnosis or complicate or confuse diagnosis

A

True

67
Q

What are examples of different artifacts that can be present on ultrasound?

A

Comet tail, acoustic shadowing, distance enhancement, edge shadowing, slice thickness, reverberation, mirror image, side lobe

Radiology (10 decks)

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