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ultimate timeline Flashcards

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1
Q

1100s CE

A

The Inca Empire emerges in the Valley of Cusco in South America.

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2
Q

1120s CE

A

The Song government begins issuing paper money.

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3
Q

1200s CE

A

Height of the Swahili city states, East African port cities ruled by kings wealthy from trade.

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4
Q

1200s CE

A

Height of Great Zimbabwe, a cattle-herding society in Southwest Africa.

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5
Q

1200s CE

A

The House of Solomon becomes the ruling dynasty of Ethiopia in East Africa.

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6
Q

1200s CE

A

The kingdom of Tyo emerges in central Africa.

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7
Q

1200s CE

A

Expansion of the Crown of Castille against the Almohad Caliphate in southern Spain.

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8
Q

1200s CE

A

Iroquois chiefs of North America form the confederation the Haudenosaunee (Five Nations).

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9
Q

1202 CE

A

The Fourth Crusade is formed to recapture Jerusalem, instead, the Crusaders attack Constantinople.

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10
Q

1206 CE

A

Founding of the Delhi Sultanate in northwestern India.

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11
Q

1206 CE

A

Genghis Khan united the tribes of the steppes into a confederation.

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12
Q

1215 CE

A

The Magna Carta is first issued in England limiting certain rights of the king.

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13
Q

1240 CE

A

The kingdom of Mali is founded in West Africa.

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14
Q

1250 CE

A

Founding of the Mamluk (manumitted slave soldiers) Sultanate in Cairo, Egypt.

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15
Q

1258 CE

A

A Mongol army destroys the city of Baghdad, thus ending the Abbasid Caliphate.

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16
Q

1258 CE

A

The kingdom of Dai Viet repels the first of four failed Mongol invasions of Vietnam.

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17
Q

1271 CE

A

Marco Polo, a Venetian traveler, begins his 24 year journey across the Silk Road.

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18
Q

1274 CE

A

The Japanese shogunate repels the first of two massive invasions by the Mongols.

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19
Q

1279 CE

A

The Mongols conquer the Song Dynasty, fully establishing their own dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty.

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20
Q

1300s CE

A

The kingdom of Kongo emerges in central Africa.

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21
Q

1300s CE

A

The Little Ice Age (cooling period) begins in Europe causing sudden turmoil and crisis.

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22
Q

1300s CE

A

The Northern Crusades began in Europe spreading Christianity by conquest into the Baltic region.

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23
Q

1300s CE

A

Height of Mayapan as the cultural and political enter of the Yucatecan Maya civilization.

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24
Q

1312 CE

A

Mansa Musa becomes ruler of Mali.

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25
Q

1325 CE

A

Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler, begins his 29 year journey across Africa and Asia.

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26
Q

1325 CE

A

The Aztec (Mexica) build their capital city Tenochtitlan on an island in the lake in the valley of Mexico.

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27
Q

1337 CE

A

The Hundred Years War begins between the kingdoms of France and England.

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28
Q

1346 CE

A

The Black Death reached Europe through Kaffa, and the Middle East through Baghdad.

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29
Q

1368 CE

A

General Taizu leads armies against the Mongols and founds a new dynasty, the Ming Dynasty.

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30
Q

1368 CE

A

The Red Turban Rebellion led to the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty.

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31
Q

1370 CE

A

Timur establishes his empire in Samarkand, attacking Persia, Russia, and north India.

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32
Q

1380s CE

A

Gunpowder began being used for cannons in military warfare.

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33
Q

1380 CE

A

The Grand Dukes of Moscow led a combined army to drive the Mongols out of Muscovy.

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34
Q

1392 CE

A

Founding of the Choson Dynasty in Korea.

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35
Q

1405 CE

A

Chinese admiral Zheng He began his first of seven expeditions of huge treasure fleets into the Indian Ocean.

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36
Q

1430 CE

A

The Empire of Songhai was founded.

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37
Q

1433 CE

A

“China’s turn inward” saw the Ming re-focus on the increased threat from the Mongols and rebuilding the Great Wall.

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38
Q

1439 CE

A

Johannes Gutenberg created his famous printing press.

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39
Q

1450 CE

A

Height of manorial system and feudalism in Europe.

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40
Q

1453 CE

A

Sultan Mehmet II conquered the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul.

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41
Q

1478 CE

A

The Grand Duke Ivan III defeated the principality of Novgorod, and claimed to rule all of the Russians.

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42
Q

1494 CE

A

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the “New World” of the Americas between Portugal and Spain.

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43
Q

1498 CE

A

Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama arrived at the Indian port of Calicut.

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44
Q

1501 CE

A

The Safavid Dynasty was founded by Ismail I using gunpowder weapons and a modern bureaucracy.

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45
Q

1504 CE

A

Christopher Columbus led his fourth and final expedition for Spain, but got stranded in Jamaica for two years.

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46
Q

1513 CE

A

Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean for Spain.

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47
Q

1517 CE

A

Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation with the publication of his Ninety-Five Theses.

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48
Q

1517 CE

A

Sultan Selim I conquered Egypt and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina reinforcing his claim as caliph.

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49
Q

1519 CE

A

Magellan led the Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific to open a new maritime trade route to Asia.

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50
Q

1521 CE

A

Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire of Central America for Spain.

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51
Q

1526 CE

A

Babur established a new state in northern India, which would soon grow to become the Mughal Empire.

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52
Q

1529 CE

A

Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to the Hapsburg capital of Vienna.

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53
Q

1543 CE

A

Portuguese mariners are the first Europeans to reach Japan.

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54
Q

1550s CE

A

Under Czar Ivan IV, Russia turned southward and conquered the Muslim Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.

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55
Q

1550s CE

A

Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations in the Caribbean islands after the arrival of sugar to Brazil.

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56
Q

1556 CE

A

Akbar led the Mughal Empire’s expansion east into Bengal, and southwards to the central Indian Deccan.

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57
Q

1570 CE

A

The Ming Empire required all taxes be paid in silver.

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58
Q

1571 CE

A

Spain set up a colony in the Philippines for trans-Pacific trade from its colonies in the Americas.

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59
Q

1588 CE

A

Britain defeats the ships of the Spanish Armada and becomes ruler of the Atlantic Ocean.

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60
Q

1595 CE

A

Shah Abbas I built an army of enslaved people known as ghulams from Christian slaves taken from Armenia and Georgia.

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61
Q

1600 CE

A

The British East India Company is established and sets up trading posts in India.

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62
Q

1600s CE

A

The “time of troubles” saw Russia fall into civil war, divided between two nobles who claimed the throne.

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63
Q

1613 CE

A

A unified Russia re-emerged when a new ruler, Michael Romanov, was elected as emperor, or czar.

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64
Q

1620s CE

A

The Ming Empire spent a lot of money helping the Korean government stave off attacks from Japan.

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65
Q

1631 CE

A

Shahjahan began the building of the Taj Mahal, a white marble mausoleum in memory of his wife Mumtaz Maha.

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66
Q

1650s CE

A

The Safavids fought with the Mughal Empire in their eastern provinces and in Afghanistan.

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67
Q

1652 CE

A

Calvinist Dutch farmers set up a colony in southern Africa near the Cape of Good Hope.

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68
Q

1657 CE

A

Aurangzeb imposed Sharia laws and brought back the jizya tax that Hindu residents had to pay in return for protection.

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69
Q

1661 CE

A

The Kangxi Emperor ended resistance to his rule and decreased the size of his army to keep costs low.

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70
Q

1721 CE

A

Under Czar Peter the Great, a war with Sweden finally led to the annexation of the Baltic Coast.

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71
Q

1722 CE

A

The Yongzheng Emperor cracked down on corruption and reformed the financial administration of the Qing Empire.

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72
Q

1726 CE

A

The last shah of the Safavid Dynasty is assassinated.

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73
Q

1735 CE

A

The Qianlong Emperor conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and Mongol threats to China.

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74
Q

1760 CE

A

James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny in England.

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75
Q

1763 CE

A

Treaty of Paris is signed ending the Seven Years War, leading to the British gaining control of Canada and parts of India.

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76
Q

1769 CE

A

Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame, also known as the water frame.

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77
Q

1770 CE

A

Captain James Cook claims Eastern Australia for Britain.

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78
Q

1773 CE

A

The Boston Tea Party takes place in which colonists protest British taxes by throwing tea into Boston Harbor.

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79
Q

1776 CE

A

The Declaration of Independence is issued by the thirteen British colonies in North America.

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80
Q

1781 CE

A

The surrender of British troops at Yorktown, effectively ends the Revolutionary War.

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81
Q

1784 CE

A

The British East India Company is granted a monopoly on trade with the Qing Dynasty.

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82
Q

1789 CE

A

The French Revolution begins.

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83
Q

1791 CE

A

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is adopted in France.

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84
Q

1793 CE

A

Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin in the United States.

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85
Q

1794 CE

A

The Reign of Terror begins a period of violence and mass killings during the French Revolution.

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86
Q

1798 CE

A

Henry Cort patents the puddling process for refining iron.

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87
Q

1803 CE

A

The Louisiana Purchase allows the United States to purchase a vast North American territory from France.

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88
Q

1804 CE

A

Richard Trevithick builds the first steam-powered road vehicle.

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89
Q

1804 CE

A

Haiti declares its independence from France, becoming the first black republic in the world.

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90
Q

1807 CE

A

The British Parliament passes the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act.

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91
Q

1808 CE

A

Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal, leading to the Peninsular War, and the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy.

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92
Q

1814 CE

A

George Stephenson opens the first steam-powered railway in England.

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93
Q

1815 CE

A

The Congress of Vienna marks the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the restoration of monarchies in Europe.

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94
Q

1842 CE

A

The Opium Wars between the Qing Dynasty and Britain ends in Qing defeat and the Treaty of Nanking.

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95
Q

1848 CE

A

The Mexican-American War ends in which the United States expands its territory to its present day borders in the SW.

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96
Q

1853 CE

A

The Crimean War begins in which Russia fights against the alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.

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97
Q

1853 CE

A

The Bessemer process for mass-producing steel is patented.

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98
Q

1858 CE

A

The British royal government takes control of India from the East India Company after the Sepoy Mutiny.

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99
Q

1864 CE

A

The Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty, killed 20 million people.

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100
Q

1876 CE

A

Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

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101
Q

1879 CE

A

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison.

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102
Q

1884 CE

A

The Berlin Conference is held to organize how European powers divide Africa among themselves.

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103
Q

1885 CE

A

The Congo Free State is established under the personal rule of King Leopold II of Belgium.

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104
Q

1895 CE

A

The First Sino-Japanese War ends with Japan defeating Qing, leading to the cession of Taiwan to Japan.

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105
Q

1896 CE

A

Ethiopia defeats Italy in the the Battle of Adwa due to its modern military weapons and tactics.

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106
Q

1898 CE

A

The Spanish-American War results in the independence of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain.

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107
Q

1900

A

The Boxer Rebellion, led by the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists,” rises up against foreign influence and control in China.

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108
Q

1901

A

The first transatlantic radio transmission is sent by Guglielmo Marconi.

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109
Q

1905

A

Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War forcing Russia to cede its claims in Korea and Manchuria.

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110
Q

1907

A

The Triple Entente between France, Russia, and Britain was formed to counterbalance the Triple Alliance in Europe.

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111
Q

1914

A

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was the catalyst for the start of World War I.

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112
Q

1915

A

The Ottoman Empire began an eight year campaign of genocide against its Armenian minority population.

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113
Q

1917

A

The US entered World War I as a result of the Zimmermann Telegram and Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare.

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114
Q

1917

A

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in Russia and established the world’s first communist state.

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115
Q

1918

A

The H1N1 flu pandemic, sometimes referred to as the “Spanish flu,” began and killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide.

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116
Q

1919

A

The Treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending World War I, and imposing heavy reparations on Germany.

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117
Q

1928

A

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed, renouncing war as a means of resolving conflicts.

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118
Q

1929

A

The stock market crash of 1929 triggered the start of the Great Depression, which lasted for over a decade.

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119
Q

1931

A

Japan invaded Manchuria leading to the creation of a puppet state called Manchukuo.

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120
Q

1933

A

Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany and began implementing Nazi policies.

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121
Q

1935

A

Italy launched a full-scale invasion of Ethiopia annexing it into its African colonies.

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122
Q

1937

A

Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China with the goal of expanding its territorial control over China.

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123
Q

1938

A

The Munich Agreement was signed between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy allowing Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia

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124
Q

1939

A

Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact, which led to the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.

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125
Q

1940

A

The Battle of Britain was a major air campaign fought between Britain and Germany during World War II.

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126
Q

1941

A

Japan launched a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, which led to the United States’ entry into World War II.

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127
Q

1942

A

The Battle of Stalingrad was a major victory by the Soviet Union against Germany, and considered a turning point in World War II.

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128
Q

1944

A

Allied forces landed in Normandy, France, in a massive invasion that led to the liberation of western Europe from Nazi control.

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129
Q

1945

A

Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz, the largest Nazi killing center and concentration camp complex.

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130
Q

1945

A

The leaders of the Allied powers met at Yalta to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe including Germany.

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131
Q

1945

A

The US dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan’s surrender in World War II.

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132
Q

1945

A

The United Nations was formed to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.

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133
Q

1947

A

India and Pakistan gained independence from Britain as part of the Indian Independence Act passed by parliament.

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134
Q

1948

A

Israel declared independence from Britain, following a UN plan to partition Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.

135
Q

1948

A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN, establishing a common standard of human rights for all.

136
Q

1949

A

The Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the Nationalist Party and established the People’s Republic of China.

137
Q

1950

A

The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea with the aim of unifying the country under communist rule.

138
Q

1954

A

The Viet Minh defeated France in the First Indochina War and led to the division of the country into North and South Vietnam.

139
Q

1955

A

Asian and African leaders met to discuss post-colonial economic and political cooperation at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia.

140
Q

1956

A

Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and in response Britain, France, and Israel invaded in the event known as the Suez Crisis.

141
Q

1957

A

Ghana gained independence from Britain, marking the start of decolonization in Africa.

142
Q

1957

A

The Treaty of Rome was signed between six countries to establish the European Economic Community.

143
Q

1960

A

OPEC was founded by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to coordinate the policies of their oil industries.

144
Q

1961

A

The Communist government of East Germany constructs a wall separating East and West Berlin.

145
Q

1962

A

The United States and Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war over the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

146
Q

1973

A

Arab members of OPEC imposed an embargo against the US in retaliation for the US. decision to support the Israeli military.

147
Q

1975

A

North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam and reunites the country under communist rule ending the Vietnam War.

148
Q

1979

A

Islamic fundamentalists overthrew the US-backed Shah of Iran in an event known as the Iranian Revolution.

149
Q

1980

A

The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to subdue the Afghan civil war and maintain a socialist government on its border.

150
Q

1986

A

An explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine caused the world’s worst nuclear disaster.

151
Q

1989

A

The Berlin Wall was torn down, a barrier that for almost 30 years had symbolized the Cold War division of Europe.

152
Q

1990

A

Germany was officially reunified when East Germany formally joined the Federal Republic of Germany.

153
Q

1990

A

A US led coalition invaded Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait.

154
Q

1991

A

The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic stagnation, political unrest, and independence movements in its republics.

155
Q

1994

A

Ethnic tensions between Hutus and Tutsis lead to the killing of over 800,000 people in the Rwandan Genocide.

156
Q

1997

A

Hong Kong, a former British colony, was returned to Chinese sovereignty ending 156 years of British rule.

157
Q

2001

A

Terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four planes and carried out suicide attacks on the US, killing nearly 3,000 people.

158
Q

2001

A

A US led coalition invaded Afghanistan to wage a war against the Taliban who had given al-Qaeda terrorists safe haven.

159
Q

2003

A

A US led coalition in a second invasion of Iraq overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein.

160
Q

2010

A

A wave of protests and uprisings swept across the Middle East and North Africa, collectively known as the Arab Spring.

161
Q

2011

A

A civil war broke out in Syria, pitting government forces against opposition groups and leading to a humanitarian crisis.

162
Q

2014

A

Russia invaded Ukraine and annexed Crimea, leading to ongoing conflict between Ukrainian and Russian forces.

163
Q

2014

A

An outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa killed over 11,000 people and highlighted the importance of global health security.

164
Q

2015

A

196 countries signed the Paris Agreement, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat climate change.

165
Q

2016

A

The Brexit referendum is passed and the United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union.

166
Q

2019

A

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in China, and quickly became a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths.

167
Q

2022

A

Russia launched a large-scale military invasion of Ukraine, citing the need to protect the Russian-speaking population.

168
Q

The Inca Empire emerges in the Valley of Cusco in South America.

A

1100s CE

169
Q

The Song government begins issuing paper money.

A

1120s CE

170
Q

Height of the Swahili city states, East African port cities ruled by kings wealthy from trade.

A

1200s CE

171
Q

Height of Great Zimbabwe, a cattle-herding society in Southwest Africa.

A

1200s CE

172
Q

The House of Solomon becomes the ruling dynasty of Ethiopia in East Africa.

A

1200s CE

173
Q

The kingdom of Tyo emerges in central Africa.

A

1200s CE

174
Q

Expansion of the Crown of Castille against the Almohad Caliphate in southern Spain.

A

1200s CE

175
Q

Iroquois chiefs of North America form the confederation the Haudenosaunee (Five Nations).

A

1200s CE

176
Q

The Fourth Crusade is formed to recapture Jerusalem, instead, the Crusaders attack Constantinople.

A

1202 CE

177
Q

Founding of the Delhi Sultanate in northwestern India.

A

1206 CE

178
Q

Genghis Khan united the tribes of the steppes into a confederation.

A

1206 CE

179
Q

The Magna Carta is first issued in England limiting certain rights of the king.

A

1215 CE

180
Q

The kingdom of Mali is founded in West Africa.

A

1240 CE

181
Q

Founding of the Mamluk (manumitted slave soldiers) Sultanate in Cairo, Egypt.

A

1250 CE

182
Q

A Mongol army destroys the city of Baghdad, thus ending the Abbasid Caliphate.

A

1258 CE

183
Q

The kingdom of Dai Viet repels the first of four failed Mongol invasions of Vietnam.

A

1258 CE

184
Q

Marco Polo, a Venetian traveler, begins his 24 year journey across the Silk Road.

A

1271 CE

185
Q

The Japanese shogunate repels the first of two massive invasions by the Mongols.

A

1274 CE

186
Q

The Mongols conquer the Song Dynasty, fully establishing their own dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty.

A

1279 CE

187
Q

The kingdom of Kongo emerges in central Africa.

A

1300s CE

188
Q

The Little Ice Age (cooling period) begins in Europe causing sudden turmoil and crisis.

A

1300s CE

189
Q

The Northern Crusades began in Europe spreading Christianity by conquest into the Baltic region.

A

1300s CE

190
Q

Height of Mayapan as the cultural and political enter of the Yucatecan Maya civilization.

A

1300s CE

191
Q

Mansa Musa becomes ruler of Mali.

A

1312 CE

192
Q

Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler, begins his 29 year journey across Africa and Asia.

A

1325 CE

193
Q

The Aztec (Mexica) build their capital city Tenochtitlan on an island in the lake in the valley of Mexico.

A

1325 CE

194
Q

The Hundred Years War begins between the kingdoms of France and England.

A

1337 CE

195
Q

The Black Death reached Europe through Kaffa, and the Middle East through Baghdad.

A

1346 CE

196
Q

General Taizu leads armies against the Mongols and founds a new dynasty, the Ming Dynasty.

A

1368 CE

197
Q

The Red Turban Rebellion led to the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty.

A

1368 CE

198
Q

Timur establishes his empire in Samarkand, attacking Persia, Russia, and north India.

A

1370 CE

199
Q

Gunpowder began being used for cannons in military warfare.

A

1380s CE

200
Q

The Grand Dukes of Moscow led a combined army to drive the Mongols out of Muscovy.

A

1380 CE

201
Q

Founding of the Choson Dynasty in Korea.

A

1392 CE

202
Q

Chinese admiral Zheng He began his first of seven expeditions of huge treasure fleets into the Indian Ocean.

A

1405 CE

203
Q

The Empire of Songhai was founded.

A

1430 CE

204
Q

“China’s turn inward” saw the Ming re-focus on the increased threat from the Mongols and rebuilding the Great Wall.

A

1433 CE

205
Q

Johannes Gutenberg created his famous printing press.

A

1439 CE

206
Q

Height of manorial system and feudalism in Europe.

A

1450 CE

207
Q

Sultan Mehmet II conquered the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul.

A

1453 CE

208
Q

The Grand Duke Ivan III defeated the principality of Novgorod, and claimed to rule all of the Russians.

A

1478 CE

209
Q

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the “New World” of the Americas between Portugal and Spain.

A

1494 CE

210
Q

Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama arrived at the Indian port of Calicut.

A

1498 CE

211
Q

The Safavid Dynasty was founded by Ismail I using gunpowder weapons and a modern bureaucracy.

A

1501 CE

212
Q

Christopher Columbus led his fourth and final expedition for Spain, but got stranded in Jamaica for two years.

A

1504 CE

213
Q

Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean for Spain.

A

1513 CE

214
Q

Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation with the publication of his Ninety-Five Theses.

A

1517 CE

215
Q

Sultan Selim I conquered Egypt and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina reinforcing his claim as caliph.

A

1517 CE

216
Q

Magellan led the Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific to open a new maritime trade route to Asia.

A

1519 CE

217
Q

Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire of Central America for Spain.

A

1521 CE

218
Q

Babur established a new state in northern India, which would soon grow to become the Mughal Empire.

A

1526 CE

219
Q

Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to the Hapsburg capital of Vienna.

A

1529 CE

220
Q

Portuguese mariners are the first Europeans to reach Japan.

A

1543 CE

221
Q

Under Czar Ivan IV, Russia turned southward and conquered the Muslim Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.

A

1550s CE

222
Q

Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations in the Caribbean islands after the arrival of sugar to Brazil.

A

1550s CE

223
Q

Akbar led the Mughal Empire’s expansion east into Bengal, and southwards to the central Indian Deccan.

A

1556 CE

224
Q

The Ming Empire required all taxes be paid in silver.

A

1570 CE

225
Q

Spain set up a colony in the Philippines for trans-Pacific trade from its colonies in the Americas.

A

1571 CE

226
Q

Shah Abbas I built an army of enslaved people known as ghulams from Christian slaves taken from Armenia and Georgia.

A

1595 CE

227
Q

Britain defeats the ships of the Spanish Armada and becomes ruler of the Atlantic Ocean.

A

1588 CE

228
Q

The British East India Company is established and sets up trading posts in India.

A

1600 CE

229
Q

The “time of troubles” saw Russia fall into civil war, divided between two nobles who claimed the throne.

A

1600s CE

230
Q

A unified Russia re-emerged when a new ruler, Michael Romanov, was elected as emperor, or czar.

A

1613 CE

231
Q

The Ming Empire spent a lot of money helping the Korean government stave off attacks from Japan.

A

1620s CE

232
Q

Shahjahan began the building of the Taj Mahal, a white marble mausoleum in memory of his wife Mumtaz Maha.

A

1631 CE

233
Q

The Safavids fought with the Mughal Empire in their eastern provinces and in Afghanistan.

A

1650s CE

234
Q

Calvinist Dutch farmers set up a colony in southern Africa near the Cape of Good Hope.

A

1652 CE

235
Q

Aurangzeb imposed Sharia laws and brought back the jizya tax that Hindu residents had to pay in return for protection.

A

1657 CE

236
Q

The Kangxi Emperor ended resistance to his rule and decreased the size of his army to keep costs low.

A

1661 CE

237
Q

Under Czar Peter the Great, a war with Sweden finally led to the annexation of the Baltic Coast.

A

1721 CE

238
Q

The Yongzheng Emperor cracked down on corruption and reformed the financial administration of the Qing Empire.

A

1722 CE

239
Q

The last shah of the Safavid Dynasty is assassinated.

A

1726 CE

240
Q

The Qianlong Emperor conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and Mongol threats to China.

A

1735 CE

241
Q

James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny in England.

A

1760 CE

242
Q

Treaty of Paris is signed ending the Seven Years War, leading to the British gaining control of Canada and parts of India.

A

1763 CE

243
Q

Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame, also known as the water frame.

A

1769 CE

244
Q

Captain James Cook claims Eastern Australia for Britain.

A

1770 CE

245
Q

The Boston Tea Party takes place in which colonists protest British taxes by throwing tea into Boston Harbor.

A

1773 CE

246
Q

The Declaration of Independence is issued by the thirteen British colonies in North America.

A

1776 CE

247
Q

The surrender of British troops at Yorktown, effectively ends the Revolutionary War.

A

1781 CE

248
Q

The British East India Company is granted a monopoly on trade with the Qing Dynasty.

A

1784 CE

249
Q

The French Revolution begins.

A

1789 CE

250
Q

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is adopted in France.

A

1791 CE

251
Q

Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin in the United States.

A

1793 CE

252
Q

The Reign of Terror begins a period of violence and mass killings during the French Revolution.

A

1794 CE

253
Q

Henry Cort patents the puddling process for refining iron.

A

1798 CE

254
Q

The Louisiana Purchase allows the United States to purchase a vast North American territory from France.

A

1803 CE

255
Q

Richard Trevithick builds the first steam-powered road vehicle.

A

1804 CE

256
Q

Haiti declares its independence from France, becoming the first black republic in the world.

A

1804 CE

257
Q

The British Parliament passes the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act.

A

1807 CE

258
Q

Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal, leading to the Peninsular War, and the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy.

A

1808 CE

259
Q

George Stephenson opens the first steam-powered railway in England.

A

1814 CE

260
Q

The Congress of Vienna marks the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the restoration of monarchies in Europe.

A

1815 CE

261
Q

The Opium Wars between the Qing Dynasty and Britain ends in Qing defeat and the Treaty of Nanking.

A

1842 CE

262
Q

The Mexican-American War ends in which the United States expands its territory to its present day borders in the SW.

A

1848 CE

263
Q

The Crimean War begins in which Russia fights against the alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.

A

1853 CE

264
Q

The Bessemer process for mass-producing steel is patented.

A

1853 CE

265
Q

The British royal government takes control of India from the East India Company after the Sepoy Mutiny.

A

1858 CE

266
Q

The Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty, killed 20 million people.

A

1864 CE

267
Q

Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

A

1876 CE

268
Q

The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison.

A

1879 CE

269
Q

The Berlin Conference is held to organize how European powers divide Africa among themselves.

A

1884 CE

270
Q

The Congo Free State is established under the personal rule of King Leopold II of Belgium.

A

1885 CE

271
Q

The First Sino-Japanese War ends with Japan defeating Qing, leading to the cession of Taiwan to Japan.

A

1895 CE

272
Q

Ethiopia defeats Italy in the the Battle of Adwa due to its modern military weapons and tactics.

A

1896 CE

273
Q

The Spanish-American War results in the independence of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain.

A

1898 CE

274
Q

The Boxer Rebellion, led by the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists,” rises up against foreign influence and control in China.

A

1900

275
Q

The first transatlantic radio transmission is sent by Guglielmo Marconi.

A

1901

276
Q

Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War forcing Russia to cede its claims in Korea and Manchuria.

A

1905

277
Q

The Triple Entente between France, Russia, and Britain was formed to counterbalance the Triple Alliance in Europe.

A

1907

278
Q

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was the catalyst for the start of World War I.

A

1914

279
Q

The Ottoman Empire began an eight year campaign of genocide against its Armenian minority population.

A

1915

280
Q

The US entered World War I as a result of the Zimmermann Telegram and Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare.

A

1917

281
Q

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power in Russia and established the world’s first communist state.

A

1917

282
Q

The H1N1 flu pandemic, sometimes referred to as the “Spanish flu,” began and killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide.

A

1918

283
Q

The Treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending World War I, and imposing heavy reparations on Germany.

A

1919

284
Q

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed, renouncing war as a means of resolving conflicts.

A

1928

285
Q

The stock market crash of 1929 triggered the start of the Great Depression, which lasted for over a decade.

A

1929

286
Q

Japan invaded Manchuria leading to the creation of a puppet state called Manchukuo.

A

1931

287
Q

Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany and began implementing Nazi policies.

A

1933

288
Q

Italy launched a full-scale invasion of Ethiopia annexing it into its African colonies.

A

1935

289
Q

Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China with the goal of expanding its territorial control over China.

A

1937

290
Q

The Munich Agreement was signed between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy allowing Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia

A

1938

291
Q

Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact, which led to the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.

A

1939

292
Q

The Battle of Britain was a major air campaign fought between Britain and Germany during World War II.

A

1940

293
Q

Japan launched a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, which led to the United States’ entry into World War II.

A

1941

294
Q

The Battle of Stalingrad was a major victory by the Soviet Union against Germany, and considered a turning point in World War II.

A

1942

295
Q

Allied forces landed in Normandy, France, in a massive invasion that led to the liberation of western Europe from Nazi control.

A

1944

296
Q

Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz, the largest Nazi killing center and concentration camp complex.

A

1945

297
Q

The leaders of the Allied powers met at Yalta to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe including Germany.

A

1945

298
Q

The US dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan’s surrender in World War II.

A

1945

299
Q

The United Nations was formed to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.

A

1945

300
Q

India and Pakistan gained independence from Britain as part of the Indian Independence Act passed by parliament.

A

1947

301
Q

Israel declared independence from Britain, following a UN plan to partition Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.

A

1948

302
Q

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN, establishing a common standard of human rights for all.

A

1948

303
Q

The Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the Nationalist Party and established the People’s Republic of China.

A

1949

304
Q

The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea with the aim of unifying the country under communist rule.

A

1950

305
Q

The Viet Minh defeated France in the First Indochina War and led to the division of the country into North and South Vietnam.

A

1954

306
Q

Asian and African leaders met to discuss post-colonial economic and political cooperation at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia.

A

1955

307
Q

Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and in response Britain, France, and Israel invaded in the event known as the Suez Crisis.

A

1956

308
Q

Ghana gained independence from Britain, marking the start of decolonization in Africa.

A

1957

309
Q

The Treaty of Rome was signed between six countries to establish the European Economic Community.

A

1957

310
Q

OPEC was founded by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to coordinate the policies of their oil industries.

A

1960

311
Q

The Communist government of East Germany constructs a wall separating East and West Berlin.

A

1961

312
Q

The United States and Soviet Union came to the brink of nuclear war over the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

A

1962

313
Q

Arab members of OPEC imposed an embargo against the US in retaliation for the US. decision to support the Israeli military.

A

1973

314
Q

North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam and reunites the country under communist rule ending the Vietnam War.

A

1975

315
Q

Islamic fundamentalists overthrew the US-backed Shah of Iran in an event known as the Iranian Revolution.

A

1979

316
Q

The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to subdue the Afghan civil war and maintain a socialist government on its border.

A

1980

317
Q

An explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine caused the world’s worst nuclear disaster.

A

1986

318
Q

The Berlin Wall was torn down, a barrier that for almost 30 years had symbolized the Cold War division of Europe.

A

1989

319
Q

Germany was officially reunified when East Germany formally joined the Federal Republic of Germany.

A

1990

320
Q

A US led coalition invaded Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait.

A

1990

321
Q

The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic stagnation, political unrest, and independence movements in its republics.

A

1991

322
Q

Ethnic tensions between Hutus and Tutsis lead to the killing of over 800,000 people in the Rwandan Genocide.

A

1994

323
Q

Hong Kong, a former British colony, was returned to Chinese sovereignty ending 156 years of British rule.

A

1997

324
Q

Terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four planes and carried out suicide attacks on the US, killing nearly 3,000 people.

A

2001

325
Q

A US led coalition invaded Afghanistan to wage a war against the Taliban who had given al-Qaeda terrorists safe haven.

A

2001

326
Q

A US led coalition in a second invasion of Iraq overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein.

A

2003

327
Q

A wave of protests and uprisings swept across the Middle East and North Africa, collectively known as the Arab Spring.

A

2010

328
Q

A civil war broke out in Syria, pitting government forces against opposition groups and leading to a humanitarian crisis.

A

2011

329
Q

Russia invaded Ukraine and annexed Crimea, leading to ongoing conflict between Ukrainian and Russian forces.

A

2014

330
Q

An outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa killed over 11,000 people and highlighted the importance of global health security.

A

2014

331
Q

196 countries signed the Paris Agreement, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat climate change.

A

2015

332
Q

The Brexit referendum is passed and the United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union.

A

2016

333
Q

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in China, and quickly became a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths.

A

2019

334
Q

Russia launched a large-scale military invasion of Ukraine, citing the need to protect the Russian-speaking population.

A

2022

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