Ulcers

Question 1

What is an ulcer?

Answer 1

A breach in the continuity of the epithelium or any mucosal surface

This can follow molecular death of the surface epithelium (necrosis) or its traumatic removal.

Question 2

What are the parts of an ulcer?

Answer 2

N/A

The text does not specify; further details may be required.

Question 3

What are common age-related classifications for ulcer diagnosis?

Answer 3

• Young: infective
• Older > 40 yrs: carcinoma
• Older > 60 yrs: rodent ulcer

Question 4

Which sex is more likely to have varicose ulcers?

Answer 4

Female

Question 5

What occupations are associated with varicose veins?

Answer 5

• Hairdresser
• Cooks
• Bakers

Question 6

What modes of onset are observed in ulcers?

Answer 6

• Acute inflammation/trauma: sudden
• Chronic inflammation: very slowly
• Malignant: rapid

Question 7

What is the duration of ulcers in different contexts?

Answer 7

• Very short (days): acute infection
• Short (months): malignant
• Long: chronic inflammation

Question 8

How does pain present in different types of ulcers?

Answer 8

• Acute inflammation, arterial ulcers: painful
• Venous ulcers: not that painful
• Neuropathic: less pain or painless
• Malignant: usually painless, may become painful later

Question 9

What is the significance of fever in ulcer diagnosis?

Answer 9

Fever may indicate chronic infection or tuberculosis.

Question 10

What does weight loss indicate in ulcer patients?

Answer 10

Potential malignancy or tuberculosis.

Question 11

What is Buerger’s disease associated with?

Answer 11

Smoking

Question 12

What past histories or associated diseases are relevant to ulcer diagnosis?

Answer 12

• Tuberculosis
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Syphilis

Question 13

What does a positive response to antibiotics suggest?

Answer 13

Infective cause of the ulcer.

Question 14

What does a negative response to antibiotics suggest?

Answer 14

Malignancy.

Question 15

What general signs are observed during physical examination of an ulcer?

Answer 15

• Cachexia
• Anemia
• Weight loss: malignancy, tuberculosis

Question 16

What factors are considered in ulcer inspection?

Answer 16

• Number
• Size
• Shape
• Site/Location

Question 17

What ulcer type is indicated by undermined edges?

Answer 17

Tuberculosis, amoebic, bedsore, carbuncle

Question 18

What does a raised and rolled edge indicate?

Answer 18

Rodent ulcer or basal cell carcinoma.

Question 19

What are the characteristics of an everted edge in ulcers?

Answer 19

Malignant ulcer or squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 20

Where are diabetic ulcers commonly located?

Answer 20

Heal/ball of the foot (head of 2nd and 3rd metatarsal).

Question 21

What shape is typically associated with varicose ulcers?

Answer 21

Oval

Question 22

What color indicates a healing ulcer’s edge?

Answer 22

Sloping transparent edge.

Question 23

What does a bluish unhealthy granulation tissue suggest?

Answer 23

Tuberculosis.

Question 24

What is Curling’s ulcer?

Answer 24

Acute peptic ulcer in burns as a reaction to stress.

Question 25

What is Cushing’s ulcer?

Answer 25

Acute peptic ulcer in head injury and in early spinal cord injury.

Question 26

What is Marjolin’s ulcer?

Answer 26

Malignant change in a scar, ulcer, or sinus.

Question 27

What investigations are used for diabetes mellitus in ulcer diagnosis?

Answer 27

• Urine sugar
• FBS
• RBS
• HbA1C

Question 28

What tests are used to diagnose tuberculosis?

Answer 28

• Chest X-ray
• AFB
• ESR
• Mantoux

Question 29

What is the significance of a biopsy in ulcer diagnosis?

Answer 29

Allows comparison with normal tissue.

Question 30

What imaging techniques are mentioned for ulcer diagnosis?

Answer 30

• Doppler ultrasound
• Lower limb angiography