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Geography > Uks Evolving Human Landscape Migration (with Rivers) > Flashcards

Uks Evolving Human Landscape Migration (with Rivers) Flashcards

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1
Q

Urban regions - population density, age structure

A

Population- high over 200 people per km

Age structure - many young adults and many single people

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2
Q

Urban regions - economic activities and settlements

A

Economic - large shops, offices (corporations) , factories, cultural centre (jobs in libraries and museums)

Settlements - property more expensive, cities, large towns, mix of low and high rise buildings

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3
Q

Population density and age structure of rural areas

A

Population- Low (1-100 people per km2)

Age - Many older people

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4
Q

Rural areas employment and settlements

A

Employment - working from home (IT), jobs in tourism and renewable energies, farming/fishing

Settlements- low rise buildings, market towns and isolated villages, property generally cheaper

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5
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people from one place to another

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6
Q

Environmental reasosn for migration

A

A flood forces people away (push)

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7
Q

Retirement migration

A

Involved older people

Moves to south west because of lower crime rates and slower pace of life

(Negative) large number of old people so increase pressure on health services and higher house prices mean young people stay away

(Positive) older people create a demand for jobs such as specialist shops

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8
Q

Rural to urban migration

A

There’s a concentration of older people in places such as wales because young people move away from isolated towns to cities in search for jobs

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9
Q

Counter urbanisation impacts

A

People move because of rising car ownership and motorway construction so people can commute to work in London

2018-2019 nearly 17000 people moved out of the capital rather than moving in

Economic impacts

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10
Q

Post war migration

A

Gov encouraged colony migration to fill jobs in nhs and textiles

By 1971 about 1 million moved to the uk 250,000 being from Caribbean

Leads to population growth and ethnic diversity

Affects London and Bradford

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11
Q

EU enlargement

A

2004 EU enlargement meant that Eastern European immigrants from Poland move (80% ages 18-34)

Number of polish immigrants living and working in the uk peaked at 2014 at 850,000

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12
Q

Refugees

A

2012-15 fighting in Middle East in Syria so 17,000 refugees have settled in the uk

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13
Q

Negative social impacts of international immigration

A

Pressure is put on services

Friction developed through host populations and migrants - jobs

Gender imbalance more men migrating

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14
Q

Positive social impacts of international migration

A

Culture is enriched eg world food festivals

Immigrant groups boost birth rate

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15
Q

Economic positives of international migration

A

Skill gaps are filled

Economy benefits on hardworking people

Public service benefit eg nhs

Gov tax revenue increases

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16
Q

North east employment statistics- primary, secondary, tertiary

A

8% unemployment

Primary- 1994-55 decline, coal mining was popular but foreign competition beat it, 1947 108000 working in primary

Secondary- 1971 40% - 2011 10% (automation)

Tertiary - largest sector (hospital) 2013 - 22%

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17
Q

South east primary secondary and tertiary employment

A

Unemployment 6%

Primary- rural prosperous arable farming eg fruit farm in Kent

Secondary - growing rapidly (urban), oil refineries in Southampton and m4 corridors engineering

Tertiary - Newbury attractive place to live

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18
Q

How is global economy connected

A

Network - trade blocs (eu) or the internet

Flows- of goods and services of money and people

Global players - organisations such as TNCs or the WTO

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19
Q

Impacts of globalisation

A

Deindustrialisation in primary and secondary sectors (global shift and cheap imports)

A need for workers to reskill to access jobs in tertiary and quaternary

A more flexible workforce - more part time, more self employed and more tele-working

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20
Q

Impact of free trade policies on the uk economy

A

Positive:
Nissan, Vauxhall and Toyota employ over 160,000
Being in the eu has attracted many car manufacturing tncs
Over 70% cars built in Nissan exported to the eu

Negatives:
TNCs are footloose can relocate any time- economic uncertainty
After brexit there was concern of Nissan leaving
Honda closed Swindon plant in 2022 after brexit= 3500 jobs

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21
Q

How’s does skilled workforce impact uk economy

A

Financial services employ 1.1 million people in the UK

HSBC emily more than 40,000

35% of global TNCs move to London

FDI major in uk buy regional inequality

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22
Q

Impacts of privatisation on uk economy

A

Negative- politically sensitive, some TNCs have been accused of tax avail by locating offshore eg virgin core in the NHS profits are leaked abroad

Positive- role of TNCs have increased with privatisation (attracts FDI and reduced costs)

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23
Q

2 reasons why TNCs have become more important to uk workforce

A

Skilled work force

Free trade/ eu

Government

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24
Q

Site

A

The location on which a city is built on

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25
Q

Situation

A

The location of the city relative to its surroundings and other places

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26
Q

Connectivity in London

A

The uks fastest rail service like London and other major uk cities . Manchester and Birmingham each have fast 3 hr services

Most major a roads and motorways lead to london- it is a radial network

London has the 2nd biggest airport at Heathrow. Eurostar also brings European cities within a few hours of London

London has wide cultural connection. It’s knowledge makes it a global magnet for migrants (London school teach students from over 200 countries)

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27
Q

Situation of London

A

London time zone helps its economic growth - it can trade with Asia , Australia and later in the same day New York

London is in the uk close to Europe and can trade there by sea quickly

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28
Q

Site of London

A

The Romans first settled and bridged the Thames as the last place it was shallow enough to cross the estuary

The land is mostly flat

The was originally marshy - ideal for a port

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29
Q

CBD - building density

A

High bulding density because of expensive land price

30
Q

CBD - building age

A

Oldest part of London eg Tower of London

Also has new developments - the shard

31
Q

Land use of CBD london

A

Dominated by officer - many financial (hsb) and commercial

32
Q

Environmental quality of London CBD

A

Low due to traffic

High in royal parks eg Hyde park

33
Q

Suburbs building age London

A

Since 18th-19th century (Industrial Revolution)

34
Q

Suburbs London building density

A

High density - terraced housing and flats (grenfell tower) also low density detached housing

35
Q

Land use in London suburbs

A

Residential - high income suburbs. 1km west from west end in Kensington (world most expensive suburbs) and Hackney- older factories

Large houses changed into flats

36
Q

Environmental quality of London suburbs

A

Generally low due to deindustrialisation but some wealthier areas (Kensington) have better quality

37
Q

Building ahead or London rural urban fringe

A

Most from 20th century

38
Q

Building density of urban rural fringe London

A

Lower density as people have gardens

Semi-detached

39
Q

Land uses of rural urban fringe London

A

Residential housing eg Loughton

40
Q

Environmental quality of urban rural fringe London

A

High due to number of gardens and surrounding rural land eg Epping forest

41
Q

How is migrant population distributed around London

A

Some inner areas 70% babies born to migrants

Inner pattern there’s been intensification

Less in outer London but more settling there

42
Q

What is the public perception of London migration

A

Difficulties in social housing

Generally less hostile in London to migrants than elsewhere

Labour minister = pro migrants

43
Q

What are migrants like economically and socially in London

A

Migrant concentration at top and bottom

Upperclass- finance - drive London residential market. Some migrants are super Rich

Working- many homeless or exploited in cleaning jobs and construction

44
Q

What proportion of migrant live in London

A

50%

45
Q

Assess the most major impact of migrants in London

A

Language barrier as it’s costly towards the economy and anti migrants use this to blame for the economy crisis. This leads to prejudice against migrants

46
Q

Why will migrants become an economic necessity

A

Many skilled workers from Russia/Germany who work in financial sector where there’s shortages

Unskilled migrants generally come from eastern EU, India and Ghana - uphold London restaurant business and hospitality

London economy would crash

47
Q

Distribution of Asian and black Caribbean migrants

A

Asian- north west, in Wembley around 37% odd migrants but only 4% live in south east London (outer suburbs)

Caribbean - in north London (Tottenham) over 14% up to 2% in south (inner suburbs)

48
Q

Distribution of migrants in Richmond

A

Least diverse 85% white people

Because generally white migrants are more skilled and work higher paying jobs in richer areas

Black caribbeans are forced in social housing

49
Q

Effects of migrants in London

A

Generates more gdp

Younger population - migrants move at working age and have a higher birth rate

People are segregated across London

More diverse - less hostile

50
Q

Statistics of inequality in London

A

One million of uks wealthiest people living in London buy 28% of Londoners are in poverty

51
Q

Causes of deindustrialisation

A

Containerisation (use of container ships) led to the closure of londons major ports because river Thames was too shallow to allow them inland

Industries that relied on the port moved away and employment in manufacturing declined from 30% in 1971 to 7.5% in 2001

52
Q

Causes of Depopulation

A

People who once worked at Londons port or other industries that relied on it became unemployed . This led to outward migration.

People moved from London to look for work, 16% of London population left

53
Q

Causes of suburbanisation

A

Where people leave the inner city for a house and out of suburbs

Happen because transportation improved only took 30 minutes to get to London as they completed the underground system. Furthermore, they electrified the surface rail mean and more people commute to work.

The city lost 1.5 million between 1951 and 1981

54
Q

Causes of decentralisation

A

Shift in the balance of shopping activity away from CBD

Happen because of out-of-town shopping centres such as Croydon shopping centre developed

As well as this retail parks were built away from suburban areas building. These was a transfer of employment near M4.

Buying online grew in poularity

Growth in car ownership

55
Q

Challenge of transport in London

A

Londons roads are congested producing large amounts of greenhouse gases, create long journey for commuters

56
Q

What is being done to tackle London transport

A

Congestion change in 2003 and income is invested back into the transport 1. 2 billion 10 years

Since 2012, all new buses are hybrid

Source London- U.K.’s first citywide electric electrical vehicle charging .4500 charging points

57
Q

How successful has tacking Londons congestion been

A

6% in bus passengers

58
Q

Challenge of employment

A

Most work in the tertiary or quaternary sector but some employers are reluctant to allow people to work from home

59
Q

What is being done to tackle employment challenges in London and how successful

A

Companies encouraging to work from home one to 2 days a week

Flexible working hours are more common which help to travel cheaply outside of Rush hour

Number of people working from home have doubled from 4.3 to 8.6

60
Q

Challenge of affordable housing in London

A

House prices are 12 times higher than average

Forces people out of the city and creates more commuters

61
Q

What’s being done to take affordable housing in London and how successful

A

City authorities run, affordable housing, schemes

Set number of houses should be affordable when building new homes

First steps - by 25% to 50% of the property and rent the other

First step program provides shared ownership and people who couldn’t afford houses can, but some such as in Kings Park are still very expensive

62
Q

Challenge of energy efficient housing in London

A

High energy costs make urban living impossible

63
Q

What’s being done to tackle energy efficient housing in London and how successful

A

BEDZED- South London encourages energy, conservation

Sustainable

Bedzed homes use 81% less energy for heating

Recycle 60% of waste

64
Q

Recycling challenge in London

A

It cost 2 billion to collect and dispose waste

Just goes to landfill

65
Q

What’s being done to tackle Londons recycling issue and how successful

A

By 2020 London aims to reuse waste provides accessible recycling, recycling bins across the city, development, waste burner, power stations to generate heat

10% less recycling than average

66
Q

social advantages of rural areas being dependent on London

A

People in accessible rural areas can access urban centralised services like hospitals

67
Q

Economic disadvantages for rural areas depending on London

A

Rural locations can become too expensive for young people to buy homes

Urban decentralisation as developments move to the rural urban fringe

68
Q

Economic advantages of rural areas depending on London

A

People living in rural areas buy working in the city can get hugger wages

69
Q

Environmental advantages of rural areas depending on London

A

Urban residents can access pleasant rural landscapes for recreation

70
Q

Environmental disadvantages for rural areas depending on London

A

Development of greenfield sites make rural areas more urban

71
Q

What is a mega city

A

A city with population over 10 million

72
Q

Which continent has the most mega cities

A

Asia

Geography (2 decks)

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