UK’s Evolving Physical Landscape

Question 1

What are the three main types of rocks?

Answer 1

Igneous Rock, Sedimentary Rock, Metamorphic Rock

Question 2

How are igneous rocks formed?

Answer 2

When molten magma or lava cools slowly, forming crystals

Question 3

What happens to rocks when they are pushed down under continental plates?

Answer 3

They undergo a change due to heat and pressure, becoming new rocks

Question 4

What processes lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 4

Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation

Question 5

What is erosion?

Answer 5

Rocks are worn away into smaller particles by wind, water, wave action, ice, and chemicals

Question 6

What is deposition in the context of rock formation?

Answer 6

The process where weathered material is carried and dumped, often forming layers

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Metamorphic rocks are primarily formed in _______.

Answer 7

extreme heat and pressure

Question 8

What is the main characteristic of igneous rocks?

Answer 8

They form crystals when molten magma or lava cools

Question 9

Where are sedimentary rocks mostly found in the UK?

Answer 9

Across the UK, particularly in the south

Question 10

Where are igneous rocks predominantly found in the UK?

Answer 10

Mostly north of UK but some in northern Wales

Question 11

What is the result of the compaction and cementation process?

Answer 11

Formation of new rocks from deposited materials

Question 12

True or False: Metamorphic rocks can be formed from other types of rocks.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are the types of weathering?

Answer 13

• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological

Question 14

What is the role of rivers, sea, or wind in the rock cycle?

Answer 14

They carry weathered material for deposition

Question 15

What is the significance of the cooling rate of magma or lava?

Answer 15

The cooling rate affects crystal size; slower cooling forms larger crystals

Question 16

What is the resistance of metamorphic rock?

Answer 16

Very resistant

Question 17

What is the resistance of sedimentary rock?

Answer 17

Varies from very soft to very hard

Question 18

What is the resistance of igneous rock?

Answer 18

Very resistant

Question 19

Examples of sedimentary rock

Answer 19

Sandstone, slate, chalk

Question 20

Examples of metamorphic rock

Answer 20

Marble, slate, schist

Question 21

Examples of igneous rock

Answer 21

Granite, basalt, obsidian

Question 22

What is physical weathering (mechanical)

Answer 22

The process of rocks being broken down and carried away by wind or water called

Question 23

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

Answer 23

A type of physical weathering where water freezes in cracks of rocks and expands, causing the rock to break.

Question 24

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 24

The process where materials are worn away by natural acids, such as acid rain.

Question 25

What is biological weathering?

Answer 25

The breakdown of rocks by living organisms, such as tree roots breaking up rock and burrowing animals underground.

Question 26

What is scree?

Answer 26

Scree consists of angular rock pieces created by freeze-thaw weathering.

Question 27

How does expansion contribute to rock weathering?

Answer 27

Expansion widens cracks in rocks, leading to their breakage into pieces.

Question 28

What is a rock fall?

Answer 28

Fragments of rock break away from the cliff face due to weathering e.g. freeze-thaw.

Question 29

What is a landslide?

Answer 29

Blocks of rock slide downhill.

Question 30

What is a slide plane?

Answer 30

The surface along which soil or rock moves during a landslide.

Question 31

What is scree?

Answer 31

Loose fragments of rock that accumulate at the base of a cliff.

Question 32

What is slumping?

Answer 32

A type of mass movement where saturated soil slumps along a curved surface.

Question 33

What is a mud slide?

Answer 33

Saturated soil flows down a slope.

Question 34

What is saturated soil?

Answer 34

Soil that is fully soaked with water.

Question 35

What is bedrock?

Answer 35

The solid rock that lies beneath soil and other loose material.

Question 36

What is a curved slip plane?

Answer 36

The curved surface along which slumping occurs.

Question 37

What is a lobe in the context of mudslides?

Answer 37

A protruding section of material that has moved during a landslide.

Question 38

What are bedding planes?

Answer 38

Layers of sedimentary rock that can influence the movement of soil and rock.

Question 39

Where is East Anglia located?

Answer 39

East of the UK

Question 40

Where are the Yorkshire Dales located?

Answer 40

The Yorkshire Dales are located in north centre England

Question 41

What rocks are in Yorkshire Dales?

Answer 41

Limestone, millstone, grit

Question 42

What rocks are in East Anglia?

Answer 42

Sands, clay

Question 43

What types of farming in Yorkshire Dales

Answer 43

Pasture (sheep)

Question 44

What type of farming in East Anglia

Answer 44

Arable (crops)

Question 45

Out of Yorkshire Dales and East Anglia, which is upland and which is lowland

Answer 45

Yorkshire Dales= upland, steep East Anglia= lowland, flat

Question 46

What settlements are in Yorkshire Dales and East Anglia

Answer 46

Yorkshire Dales- individual stone housing East Anglia- communal settlement

Question 47

Yorkshire Dales building materials

Answer 47

Limestone, boulders, rocks from rivers

Question 48

East Anglia building materials

Answer 48

Flint

Question 49

Field boundaries in Yorkshire Dales and East Anglia

Answer 49

YD- limestone EA- hedges

Question 50

What processes turned sediment into solid rock?

Answer 50

Compaction and cementation.

Question 51

What geological feature did the Ice Age create?

Answer 51

The Ice Age caused glaciers to form, which eroded V-shaped valleys.

Question 52

How did waterfalls form at Malham Cove?

Answer 52

Waterfalls formed at Malham Cove as glaciers melted.

Question 53

What is an escarpment

Answer 53

Higher areas of resistant rocks like chalk

Question 54

What are dip slopes

Answer 54

Behind the escarpments, gentle slopes follow the angle of the scarp

Question 55

What are vales?

Answer 55

Softer clays that form lower and flatter ground.

Question 56

What are concordant coastlines?

Answer 56

Coastlines where the rock layers (strata) are parallel to the coastline.

Question 57

What are discordant coastlines?

Answer 57

Coastlines where the rock layers (strata) are at right angles to the coastline. (Alternate layers)

Question 58

What are joints

Answer 58

Small, usually vertical cracks found in many rocks.

Question 59

What are faults

Answer 59

Larger cracks caused by past tectonic movements.

Question 60

What is more resistant rock?

Answer 60

Very hard rocks

Question 61

What is less resistant rock

Answer 61

Soft rock

Question 62

What are destructive waves?

Answer 62

Waves that erode the beach with strong backwash, weak swash

Question 63

What are constructive waves?

Answer 63

Waves that build the beach with strong swash and weak backwash.

Question 64

What is a headland

Answer 64

A piece of land jutting out into the sea

Question 65

What is a bay

Answer 65

A broad coastal inlet often with a beach

Question 66

What rock does Lulworth cove have?

Answer 66

Chalk, limestone, clays

Question 67

Erosion of a headland

Answer 67

Joints/faults, cave, arch, stack, stump

Question 68

What is a wave cut platform

Answer 68

A wide gentle sloping rocky surface at the foot of a cliff

Question 69

What is a wave cut notch

Answer 69

A small notch cut into a cliff roughly at the level of high tide caused by erosion

Question 70

What is a scarp

Answer 70

Steep slope or cliff