UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
1
Q
Where is population density highest?
A
- Highest in cities, e.g London, Glasgow and Birmingham.
- High in areas around major cities or where cities have developed into towns that have merged to from continuous urban areas. (conurbations - Merseyside, Liverpool, Knowsley and St Helens)
2
Q
Where are the rural areas in the UK?
A
- Northern Scotland and Central Wales, sparsely populated.
- South West and North of England and Northern Ireland.
3
Q
What is economic activity like in the urban cores?
A
- Higher concentration of economic activity; 60% of jobs in cities are found there.
- Main employment opportunities are in the territory sector and in secondary sector.
- Lots of people live in cities because there are more jobs available there, which are often better paid.
4
Q
What is economic activity like in rural areas?
A
- Usually fewer job opportunities.
- More primary industry; agricultural etc.
- Some areas have seasonal tourism industry.
- Some rural settlements that are near urban areas have become commuter settlements - people live there and travel to urban areas for work.
5
Q
What is the age structure like between urban cores and rural areas?
A
- Higher proportion of younger people in big cities.
- People often live in cities to be closer to their jobs, so a higher proportion of the population is of working age.
- Higher proportion of older people in rural areas.
- Older people move out of cities to retire to a more peaceful environment and younger people live rural areas to work in the cities.
6
Q
Why are some areas of the UK struggling to grow economically?
A
- Isolated rural areas on the periphery of the UK which are relatively inaccessible.
- Few employment opportunities because they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources.
- Young people have to leave to find jobs elsewhere - depopulation leads to have loss of services because they can no longer be supported.
- Areas around the former industrial areas, the loss of manufacturing industry has caused high unemployment and new jobs haven’t been created.
7
Q
How does creating enterprise zones reduce difference in wealth?
A
- UK has created 55 of them.
- Offer companies a range of benefits for locating them including reducing taxes, simpler planning rules and improved infrastructure.
- These measures can be used to encourage companies to locate in areas o high unemployment; bringing jobs and income which can help poorer rural areas to develop.
8
Q
How does transport infrastructure reduce the difference in wealth?
A
- UK government plans to link London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester with a high speed rail line called HS2. This will increase capacity and allow faster journeys into major cities, promoting industry and jobs in poorer rural areas in the north of England.
- Lancashire built a new road to look the port to the M6 encouraging businesses to invest by reducing travel times and easing congestion, creating more job opportunities got people in surrounding rural areas.
9
Q
How does regional development reduce the difference in wealth?
A
- EU has used ERDF ti promote growth in poorer rural areas by investing in small-tech businesses proving training to improve local people’s skills and funding infrastructure.
- CAP is an EU initiative to make sure EU farmers can earn a living from farming.
- UK left EU leaving future regional development uncertain.
10
Q
What factors influence the age structure and distribution of people on the UK?
A
- Roughly half of the UK’s population growth is driven by natural increase and about half by migration.
- 1970-1982 more people left the UK then moved to the UK. There has been a constant flow of British people leaving the UK since 1970,
- Overall since 1983 more people have moved to the UK then have left and net migration has generally been increasing.
- Net migration has more than doubled in the last 10 years.
11
Q
How does national and international migration affect the distribution of the UK?
A
- Young national migrants and most international migrants move to major cities where the most jobs and universities are located. London and the West Midlands are most popular.
- Lots of counter-urbanisation as wealthy people move out of cities to seek a better quality of life in rural areas, London has the highest amount of people leaving.
- Many older people moved to the coastal areas in the east and south west of England when they retire.
12
Q
How does national and international migration affect the age structure of the UK?
A
- Large number of migrants aged 20-29 increases the population in this age group.
- Birth rate increases because many migrants are of child bearing age.
- Immigrants make up about 13% of the population but account for about 27% of babies born.
13
Q
How has UK Immigration Policy increased diversity?
A
- Pst WW2, UK encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries to fill skills shortages to the UK workforce.
- Entry was restricted but work permits for migrants with desirable skills - I.T.
- UK has a high proportion of Caribbean and asian ethnicity - 10%.
- Since 1995, EU has allowed free movement of people within member countries to find work.
- In 2004, 8 new countries joined the EU, lots of people moved around the EU countries looking for work after this.
- 2001-2011 proportion of non-brutish white people increased more than any ethnic group.
- International immigration has increased cultural diversity.
14
Q
Why has the primary and secondary industries declined in the UK?
A
- Since 1960, farming has become more mechanised so fewer people are needed.
- Mining industry declined due to competition abroad and cheaper alternative fuels.
- People employed in manufacturing fell from 36% of the workforce usb 1961 to 9% in 2011.
- Retail is now the UK’s highest sector employing 2.9million people.
- Quaternary industries have increased as they’re making use of the UK’s skilled university graduates.
15
Q
Where has secondary industry declined?
A
- Burnley.
16
Q
Where are the tertiary and quaternary sectors growing?
A
South Wales.
17
Q
What is FDI?
A
- A company based in one country can invest money in a different country.
- Companies can buy land of buildings and locate their factory or offices there.
- Companies can buy all or part of an already existing business.
18
Q
How is FDI increasing in the UK?
A
- Rose from £726billion in 2010 to £1065 billion in 2014.
- Most of the investment comes from TNC’s.
19
Q
How has FDI increased due to globalisation?
A
- Transport and communications links have increased making it easier for companies to operate in the UK.
- London has developed as a global financial centre, many foreign banks due to the business culture and network opportunities.
20
Q
How has FDI increased due to privatisation?
A
- Foreign firms can buy services or merge them with their existing businesses.
21
Q
How has FDI increased due to free trade policies?
A
- It is promoted between members of the EU. Increase FDI from EU because companies can move gods and services freely between the UK and their home country.
- Agreements with other countries can attract investors to the UK who want access to the European market and often include special agreements for investment as part of the deal.
- Future of free trade policies uncertain due to UK leaving EU.
22
Q
How is the UK economy affected positively by TNC’s?
A
- Jobs are created.
- Large scale projects can be built that the UK government can’t afford to pay for.
- Lead the way in developing new products, technology and business practices which can be used by other firms to increase productivity.
23
Q
How is the UK economy affected negatively by TNC’s?
A
- Lead to over-reliance on TNC’s, if theres a problem elsewhere in the world the UK’s economy is affected.
- Big affects if they choose to relocate of change suppliers.
- Local businesses struggle to compete against them.
24
Q
Characteristics of London
A
- Global City in the South East of England.
- Sited on the flat floodplain of the River Thames where it meets the sea.
- UK’s capital city and is an essential part of the UK’s economy.
- 20%+ of UK’s income comes from London.
- Centre of the UK’s transport system, major port until 1981 and still has links.
- 2 major international airports, Heathrow and Gatwick, plus three smaller ones, City, Stanstead and Luton.
- Easy access to mainland Europe, channel tunnel.
- Major influence on surrounding areas, companies are attracted to the region buy the proximity to London, which increases jobs and wealth.
- South East and East of England are the two biggest regional economies outside of London.
- Important globally, world city and along with New York are the two most important financial centres in the world.
25
Q
City of London
A
- Central Business District.
- Commercial land use.
- Mix of new hugh rise office blocks and historical buildings.
- Land expensive so building density is high.
- Few small parks.
26
Q
Newham
A
- Inner City
- Low-class residential land use.
- High density, old terraced housing, 1960-70’s high-rise flats and modern apartment buildings.
- Poor environmental quality, some green space.
27
Q
Chelsea
A
- Inner City
- High-class residential land use.
- 80% of houses built before 1919.
- Land is expensive so building density is high.
- Lots of large terraced houses , some converted into flats.
- High quality green space, most houses have gardens.
28
Q
Surbiton, Kingston-upon-Thames
A
- Suburbs
- Middle-class residential.
- Good quality 20th century semi-detached housing, along with shops and restaurants.
- Most houses have gardens and there are large areas of good quality green space.
