UK evolving natural landscapes Flashcards
Give 2 examples of soft engineering. And describe them
- Floodplain retention
levels of floodplain lowered and surfaces restored to shrub and grass lands - River channel restoration
can include the following strategy:
- rebuilding meanders
- lowering banks
- removing hard engineering
Name 4 economic impacts of the Sheffield floods
- over 1000 businesses affected
- Hillsbourgh football stadium was flooded
- one companies lost 15 million in flood damages
- roads were damages or blocked were flooded for some days
Name 4 social impacts of the Sheffield floods
- 2 people drowned into flood waters
- over 1200 homes were damaged
- 1300 people were without power for 2 days
- Medohall shopping centre was flooded and had to be closed for a week
what are the 4 types of river erosion and 4 types of river transport
Erosion prosses
- hydronic action
- alliteration
- solution
- abrasion
transportation processes
- saltation
- solution
- traction
- suspension
what is a hydrograph
A hydrograph shows how a river is affected by a storm. This helps to understand discharge patterns of a particular drainage basin and helps to predict flooding and plan flood prevention measures.
What are the characteristics of the upper course
high vegetation
steep river gradients
steep slops
large sediment
narrow channel
shallow water
permeable surfaces
what caused the Sheffield floods
heavy rainfall
an abundance of rivers and valleys
urban isolation
impermeable surfaces
how did humans factors increase Sheffield’s flood risk
there were more impermeable surfaces so the rain do the lag time was shorter and the peak discharge was higher
the drains were blocked more water caused flood in the streets
how do V shaped Valleys from?
- vertical erosion this is because there’s little
energy because of a low discharge - the valleys sides left behind are slowly broken
down though apposes of weathering - this erosion levels behind a narrow steep
sided valley
Define a long profile
Long profiles depict how a river’s slope changes across the 3 courses of the river
what is the difference between hard engineering and soft engineering
hard engineering solutions
- where solutions are built to defend against floods
soft engineering solutions
- adapting to flood risks and allowing natural processes to deal with rain water
List the 3 types of rock found in Brittan and give 3 examples
Igneous - cooled lava/magma e.g. granite, basalt
Sedimentary- compressed sediment e.g. chalk, limestone, clay, sandstone
Metamorphic- when stones are simi-melted and cooled e.g. slate, schist, marble
how do waterfalls form?
where in a river can you find them
- water falls over soft and hard rock
- soft rock erodes forming plunge pools
- hard rock is undercut and falls into the plunge pool
- the waterfall retreats creating a gorge
waterfalls can be found only in the upper course
what are the characteristics of the lower course
- deep water
- flood plain
- fine substrate
- wide
- brackish water
- suspension
what are the characteristics of the middle course
- inner bend = slowest flow
- outer bend = fastest flow
- slip off slop
- meander
- river cliff
- deep water
what dose the Bradshore model show
River discharge - upper<lower
Channel with - upper<lower
Channel width - upper<lower
Velocity - upper<lower
sediment load volume - upper<lower
sediment piratical size - upper>lower
channel bead roughness - upper>lower
slop angel - upper>lower
Give one example of:
weathering, slope process, A post-glacial river processes (valleys)
for the lake district and the weld
Lake District- freeze thaw weathering- landslides- U-shaped valleys
the weld- weathering chemical- soil creep- river bed valleys
How did people use there landscapes in east Anglia
- communal villages
- till produces fertile land soil for arable farming
- hedges are used instead of dry stone walls for
field bounders
How did people use there landscapes in the Yorkshire dales
- limestone on the valley was used to build
drystone walls as field boundaries - sheep were kept in field at the valley bottom
and in the summer they grazes on the upland
fields - long house consist of a home and barn
- isolated form instead of villages
what is longshore drift
and what formation can it create
longshore drift is when sand/silt move along the beach in the direction of the prevailing winds
this can created lagoons and saltmarshes
what are the disadvantages and advantages of hard engineering
problems benefits
- expensive __more effective
- unattractive_ easy to ________________replace-
restricted access
what is the differences between concordant coastline and discordant coastline
concordant coastline is where the layers lay parallel to the coast line
discordant coastline is where the layers lay perpendicular to the coastline
how can human activities effect the coast
the excess weight on the cliffs create landslides when the cliff slumps down
how can climate change affect coastal erosion and flooding
As the seas warm the water can expand and then global warming causes ice to melt rising sea levels
this increases erosion
how dose a wave cut platform form
a wave notch forms an overhanging cliff collapsing. A platform of smooth rock is left where the cliff line was.
describe how a headland forms into a stump
First a crack appears in the headland, this widens into a cave. When the cave is eroded though it created an arch which widens until it can’t support its self falling, making a stack this erodes down into a stump
what is the difference between cliff foot processes and subaerial processes
subaerial processes
- freeze thaw, chemical and biological weathering erode the cliff face
cliff foot processes
- hydraulic action erodes way the base of the cliff
Give 3 examples of hard and soft engineering
hard engineering
- sea walls
- groins
- rip rap
soft engineering
- beach restoration
- planting
- making sand dunes and salt marshes
what are the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves
constructive
- strong swash
- weak backwash
- occurs during summer
destructive
- weak swash
- strong backwash
- occurs during winter
Explain the processes likely to have contributed to a rock fall on a cliff
Rock usually occurs where a cliff face has lots of joints and cracks. Repeated freeze thaw weathering gradually loosens blooks of rock, which fall to the cliff base. If the sea erodes the base of the cliff this can also make rock falls more likely.
What is the main way in which deposition occurs?
Waves with lower energy, causing material to be dropped
Identify two ways in which a river valley changes from source to mouth
In the upper course the river valley is steep-sided: a V-shaped valley. In the lower course the valley has a lower gradient: a wide flood plain
explain one way why flood plains are often used for faming
Alluvium deposited on flood plains makes for very fertile soil as it contains many minerals
suggest one economic impact that frequent river flooding would have in a area
To protect their property from damage, residents in this area might buy their own sand bags and plastic barrier to used as a community when the river was about to flood. Buying theses products would have and economic impact, but less of a impact compered to the impact of the flooding