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A Paper 2 Geography > UK evolving natural landscapes > Flashcards

UK evolving natural landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 2 examples of soft engineering. And describe them

A
  1. Floodplain retention
    levels of floodplain lowered and surfaces restored to shrub and grass lands
  2. River channel restoration
    can include the following strategy:
    - rebuilding meanders
    - lowering banks
    - removing hard engineering
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2
Q

Name 4 economic impacts of the Sheffield floods

A
  • over 1000 businesses affected
  • Hillsbourgh football stadium was flooded
  • one companies lost 15 million in flood damages
  • roads were damages or blocked were flooded for some days
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3
Q

Name 4 social impacts of the Sheffield floods

A
  • 2 people drowned into flood waters
  • over 1200 homes were damaged
  • 1300 people were without power for 2 days
  • Medohall shopping centre was flooded and had to be closed for a week
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4
Q

what are the 4 types of river erosion and 4 types of river transport

A

Erosion prosses
- hydronic action
- alliteration
- solution
- abrasion
transportation processes
- saltation
- solution
- traction
- suspension

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5
Q

what is a hydrograph

A

A hydrograph shows how a river is affected by a storm. This helps to understand discharge patterns of a particular drainage basin and helps to predict flooding and plan flood prevention measures.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the upper course

A

high vegetation
steep river gradients
steep slops
large sediment
narrow channel
shallow water
permeable surfaces

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7
Q

what caused the Sheffield floods

A

heavy rainfall
an abundance of rivers and valleys
urban isolation
impermeable surfaces

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8
Q

how did humans factors increase Sheffield’s flood risk

A

there were more impermeable surfaces so the rain do the lag time was shorter and the peak discharge was higher
the drains were blocked more water caused flood in the streets

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9
Q

how do V shaped Valleys from?

A
  1. vertical erosion this is because there’s little
    energy because of a low discharge
  2. the valleys sides left behind are slowly broken
    down though apposes of weathering
  3. this erosion levels behind a narrow steep
    sided valley
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10
Q

Define a long profile

A

Long profiles depict how a river’s slope changes across the 3 courses of the river

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11
Q

what is the difference between hard engineering and soft engineering

A

hard engineering solutions
- where solutions are built to defend against floods
soft engineering solutions
- adapting to flood risks and allowing natural processes to deal with rain water

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12
Q

List the 3 types of rock found in Brittan and give 3 examples

A

Igneous - cooled lava/magma e.g. granite, basalt

Sedimentary- compressed sediment e.g. chalk, limestone, clay, sandstone

Metamorphic- when stones are simi-melted and cooled e.g. slate, schist, marble

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13
Q

how do waterfalls form?

where in a river can you find them

A
  • water falls over soft and hard rock
  • soft rock erodes forming plunge pools
  • hard rock is undercut and falls into the plunge pool
  • the waterfall retreats creating a gorge
    waterfalls can be found only in the upper course
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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the lower course

A
  • deep water
  • flood plain
  • fine substrate
  • wide
  • brackish water
  • suspension
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15
Q

what are the characteristics of the middle course

A
  • inner bend = slowest flow
  • outer bend = fastest flow
  • slip off slop
  • meander
  • river cliff
  • deep water
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16
Q

what dose the Bradshore model show

A

River discharge - upper<lower
Channel with - upper<lower
Channel width - upper<lower
Velocity - upper<lower
sediment load volume - upper<lower
sediment piratical size - upper>lower
channel bead roughness - upper>lower
slop angel - upper>lower

17
Q

Give one example of:
weathering, slope process, A post-glacial river processes (valleys)
for the lake district and the weld

A

Lake District- freeze thaw weathering- landslides- U-shaped valleys
the weld- weathering chemical- soil creep- river bed valleys

18
Q

How did people use there landscapes in east Anglia

A
  • communal villages
  • till produces fertile land soil for arable farming
  • hedges are used instead of dry stone walls for
    field bounders
19
Q

How did people use there landscapes in the Yorkshire dales

A
  • limestone on the valley was used to build
    drystone walls as field boundaries
  • sheep were kept in field at the valley bottom
    and in the summer they grazes on the upland
    fields
  • long house consist of a home and barn
  • isolated form instead of villages
20
Q

what is longshore drift
and what formation can it create

A

longshore drift is when sand/silt move along the beach in the direction of the prevailing winds

this can created lagoons and saltmarshes

21
Q

what are the disadvantages and advantages of hard engineering

A

problems benefits
- expensive __more effective
- unattractive_ easy to ________________replace-
restricted access

22
Q

what is the differences between concordant coastline and discordant coastline

A

concordant coastline is where the layers lay parallel to the coast line

discordant coastline is where the layers lay perpendicular to the coastline

23
Q

how can human activities effect the coast

A

the excess weight on the cliffs create landslides when the cliff slumps down

24
Q

how can climate change affect coastal erosion and flooding

A

As the seas warm the water can expand and then global warming causes ice to melt rising sea levels
this increases erosion

25
Q

how dose a wave cut platform form

A

a wave notch forms an overhanging cliff collapsing. A platform of smooth rock is left where the cliff line was.

26
Q

describe how a headland forms into a stump

A

First a crack appears in the headland, this widens into a cave. When the cave is eroded though it created an arch which widens until it can’t support its self falling, making a stack this erodes down into a stump

27
Q

what is the difference between cliff foot processes and subaerial processes

A

subaerial processes
- freeze thaw, chemical and biological weathering erode the cliff face

cliff foot processes
- hydraulic action erodes way the base of the cliff

28
Q

Give 3 examples of hard and soft engineering

A

hard engineering
- sea walls
- groins
- rip rap

soft engineering
- beach restoration
- planting
- making sand dunes and salt marshes

29
Q

what are the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves

A

constructive
- strong swash
- weak backwash
- occurs during summer

destructive
- weak swash
- strong backwash
- occurs during winter

30
Q

Explain the processes likely to have contributed to a rock fall on a cliff

A

Rock usually occurs where a cliff face has lots of joints and cracks. Repeated freeze thaw weathering gradually loosens blooks of rock, which fall to the cliff base. If the sea erodes the base of the cliff this can also make rock falls more likely.

31
Q

What is the main way in which deposition occurs?

A

Waves with lower energy, causing material to be dropped

32
Q

Identify two ways in which a river valley changes from source to mouth

A

In the upper course the river valley is steep-sided: a V-shaped valley. In the lower course the valley has a lower gradient: a wide flood plain

33
Q

explain one way why flood plains are often used for faming

A

Alluvium deposited on flood plains makes for very fertile soil as it contains many minerals

34
Q

suggest one economic impact that frequent river flooding would have in a area

A

To protect their property from damage, residents in this area might buy their own sand bags and plastic barrier to used as a community when the river was about to flood. Buying theses products would have and economic impact, but less of a impact compered to the impact of the flooding

A Paper 2 Geography (4 decks)

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