U.K evolving human land scape Flashcards
what is a conurbation ( add an example)
When a city has expanded outwards and absorbed smaller settlements that used to be separate
e.g. Greater London, Tyneside.
what is the urban core
the central part of a conurbation
e.g. London, Newcastle upon Tyne
what is the urban fringe
The settlement areas around the edge of the urban core where the city meets the countryside
definition of population density
The number of people per km2
name 3 reason FDI have increased in the U.K
- Globalisation
- privatisation
- free trading
name and explain 4 characteristics of the urban core
- Population density is high and staying high (over 200 people per km2)
- Age structure – young adults and single people
- Economic activities – wide variety of jobs in retail, office and corporate headquarters. Cultural centers with jobs in libraries, theatres and museums
- Settlements include conurbations, cities and large towns. Mix of low and high rise buildings and properties often more expensive than in rural area
2 facts about the urban core
- In 2011 81.5% of the population lived in urban areas
- examples of settlements are London, Birmingham and Manchester
name and explain 4 characteristics of the rural areas
- Population density is low
- Many older people. Some single people
- Economic activities – farming, fishing, forestry, mining, working from home in IT, tourism and renewable energies
- Settlements include market towns, villages and isolated farms. Contains low rise buildings and property generally cheaper
2 facts or example of the rural areas
- In 2011 18.5% of the population lived in rural areas
- Yorkshire Dales and Lake District, Cumbria
5 causes due to economic differences
- Outmigration of younger people causing depopulation
- High transport costs and poor accessibility
3.Large distance from investors and markets
4.Lack of employment opportunities and lower incomes
5.Older population and low population density
name the 4 ways of Reducing disparities
- Enterprise zones
- Regional development grants
- EU grants
- Improvements to transport
how does enterprise zones reduce disparities
places where the government offers companies help with start-up costs
reduced taxes on profits and access to fast broadband
In 2015 there were 24 zones but all within England
how does regional development grants reduce disparities
include grants and advice to help businesses start up and are targeted in peripheral areas
funds are small
They are available over more of the UK including Scotland and Wales.
how does EU grants reduce disparities
these are funds to help the poorest areas of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average
In 2015, only Cornwall and west north Wales qualified.
how does improvement to transport reduce disparities
transport improvements are vital for rural regions but most of UKs transport improvements are occurring in urban cores
e.g. HS2 between London and Birmingham.
what happened in 1948- 1970
Commonwealth migrants moved to the UK to fill job shortages created by WW2
Caribbean migrants worked in transport such as the London Underground
Indian migrants worked in the NHS and
Pakistani migrants worked in factories in the Midlands and Northern England e.g. Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds.
what happened in 2004
EU expansion saw 8 countries join the bloc including Poland and Lithuania
gave their citizens to right to free movement and more than a million came to live and work in the UK
Poles moved to rural areas in the East Midlands and Scotland to take up jobs in farming.
what happening in 2015 onwards
Conflict in the Middle East e.g. Syria and Iraq saw an increase in migrants from this region.
why primary section has fallen
mechanisation
retired migrants effect on the uk
Older people moving to different parts of the UK to retire.
Southwest England (Cornwall and Dorset) attracts migrants because of its scenery and low crime rate
Can increase pressure on health services, transport and increase house prices causing young people to move away,
why secondary sector has decreased
automation (factory machinery) and cheap imports e.g. Chinese stee
why the tertiary sector is growing
government investment in health and education and increasing affluence (wealth) creating demand for services
facts about the north south divide
the north relied on primary and secondary industries such as coal mining, shipbuilding, chemicals and iron but these rapidly declined as the UK deindustrialised. By 1994, when the last mine closed,
employment in North East England fell to 55%.
today the North East still relies on secondary industries while the South East relies on jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sector.
why privation increase FDI
take place in infrastructure and local council services, which can encourage foreign companies to buy our industries.
