UK Corporate Governance Code

Question 1

A.1.

Answer 1

Every company should be headed by an effective board which is collectively responsible for the long-term success of the company.

Question 2

A.1.1.

Answer 2

The board should meet sufficiently regularly to discharge its duties effectively. There should be a formal schedule of matters specifically reserved for its decision. The annual report should include a statement of how the board operates, including a high level statement of which types of decisions are to be taken by the board and which are to be delegated to management.

Question 3

A.1.2.

Answer 3

The annual report should identify the chairman, the deputy chairman (where there is one), the chief executive, the senior independent director and the chairmen and members of the board committees.
It should also set out the number of meetings of
the board and those committees and individual attendance by directors.

Question 4

A.1.3.

Answer 4

The company should arrange appropriate insurance cover in respect of legal action against its directors.

Question 5

A.2.

Answer 5

There should be a clear division of responsibilities at the head of the company between the running of the board and the executive responsibility for the running of the company’s business. No one individual should have
unfettered powers of decision.

Question 6

A.2.1.

Answer 6

The roles of chairman and chief executive should not be exercised by the same individual. The division of responsibilities between the chairman and chief executive should be clearly established, set out in writing and agreed by the board.

Question 7

A.3.

Answer 7

The chairman is responsible for leadership of the board and ensuring its effectiveness on all aspects of its role.

Question 8

A.3.1

Answer 8

The chairman should on appointment meet the independence criteria set out in B.1.1 below. A chief executive should not go on to be chairman of the same company. If exceptionally a board decides that a chief executive should become chairman, the board should consult major shareholders in advance and should set out its reasons to shareholders at the time of the appointment and in the next annual report.

Question 9

A.4.

Answer 9

As part of their role as members of a unitary board, non-executive directors should constructively challenge and help develop proposals on strategy.

Question 10

A.4.1.

Answer 10

The board should appoint one of the independent non-executive directors to be the senior independent director to provide a sounding board for the chairman and to serve as an intermediary for the other directors when necessary. The senior independent director should be available to shareholders if they have concerns which contact through the normal channels of chairman, chief executive or other executive
directors has failed to resolve or for which such contact is inappropriate.

Question 11

A.4.2.

Answer 11

The chairman should hold meetings with the non-executive directors without the executives present. Led by the senior independent director, the non-executive
directors should meet without the chairman present at least annually to appraise the chairman’s performance and on such other occasions as are deemed appropriate.

Question 12

A.4.3.

Answer 12

Where directors have concerns which cannot be resolved about the running of the company or a proposed action, they should ensure that their concerns are recorded in the board minutes. On resignation, a non-executive director should provide a written statement to the chairman, for circulation to the board, if they have any such concerns.

Question 13

B.1.

Answer 13

The board and its committees should have the appropriate balance of skills, experience, independence and knowledge of the company to enable them to
discharge their respective duties and responsibilities effectively.

Question 14

B.1.1.

Answer 14

The board should identify in the annual report each non-executive director it considers to be independent. The board should determine whether the director is
independent in character and judgement and whether there are relationships or circumstances which are likely to affect, or could appear to affect, the director’s
judgement. The board should state its reasons if it determines that a director is independent notwithstanding the existence of relationships or circumstances which may appear relevant to its determination, including if the director:
 has been an employee of the company or group within the last five years;
 has, or has had within the last three years, a material business relationship with
the company either directly, or as a partner, shareholder, director or senior
employee of a body that has such a relationship with the company;
 has received or receives additional remuneration from the company apart from a director’s fee, participates in the company’s share option or a performance related
pay scheme, or is a member of the company’s pension scheme;
 has close family ties with any of the company’s advisers, directors or senior employees;
holds cross-directorships or has significant links with other directors through involvement in other companies or bodies;
 represents a significant shareholder; or
 has served on the board for more than nine years from the date of their first election.

Question 15

B.1.2.

Answer 15

Except for smaller companies, at least half the board, excluding the chairman, should comprise non-executive directors determined by the board to be independent.
A smaller company should have at least two Independent non-executive directors.

Question 16

B.2.

Answer 16

There should be a formal, rigorous and transparent procedure for the appointment of new directors to the board.

Question 17

B.2.1.

Answer 17

There should be a nomination committee which should lead the process for board appointments and make recommendations to the board. A majority of members of the nomination committee should be independent non-executive directors. The chairman or an independent non-executive director should chair the committee, but the chairman should not chair the nomination committee when it is dealing with the
appointment of a successor to the chairmanship. The nomination committee should make available its terms of reference, explaining its role and the authority delegated
to it by the board.

Question 18

B.2.2.

Answer 18

The nomination committee should evaluate the balance of skills, experience, independence and knowledge on the board and, in the light of this evaluation, prepare a description of the role and capabilities required for a particular appointment.

Question 19

B.2.3.

Answer 19

Non-executive directors should be appointed for specified terms subject to re-election and to statutory provisions relating to the removal of a director. Any term beyond six years for a non-executive director should be subject to particularly rigorous review, and should take into account the need for progressive refreshing of the board.

Question 20

B.2.4.

Answer 20

A separate section of the annual report should describe the work of the nomination committee, including the process it has used in relation to board appointments. This section should include a description of the board’s policy on diversity, including gender, any measurable objectives that it has set for implementing the policy, and
progress on achieving the objectives. An explanation should be given if neither an external search consultancy nor open advertising has been used in the appointment of a chairman or a non-executive director. Where an external search consultancy has been used, it should be identified in the annual report and a statement made as to whether it has any other connection with the company.

Question 21

B.3.

Answer 21

All directors should be able to allocate sufficient time to the company to discharge their responsibilities effectively.

Question 22

B.3.1.

Answer 22

For the appointment of a chairman, the nomination committee should prepare a job specification, including an assessment of the time commitment expected, recognising the need for availability in the event of crises. A chairman’s other significant commitments should be disclosed to the board before appointment and included in the annual report. Changes to such commitments should be reported to the board as they arise, and their impact explained in the next annual report.

Question 23

B.3.2.

Answer 23

The terms and conditions of appointment of non-executive directors should be made available for inspection. The letter of appointment should set out the expected time commitment. Non-executive directors should undertake that they will have sufficient
time to meet what is expected of them. Their other significant commitments should be disclosed to the board before appointment, with a broad indication of the time involved and the board should be informed of subsequent changes.

Question 24

B.3.3.

Answer 24

The board should not agree to a full time executive director taking on more than one non-executive directorship in a FTSE 100 company nor the chairmanship of such a company.

Question 25

B.4.

Answer 25

All directors should receive induction on joining the board and should regularly update and refresh their skills and knowledge.

Question 26

B.4.1.

Answer 26

The chairman should ensure that new directors receive a full, formal and tailored induction on joining the board. As part of this, directors should avail themselves of opportunities to meet major shareholders.

Question 27

B.4.2.

Answer 27

The chairman should regularly review and agree with each director their training and development needs.

Question 28

B.5.

Answer 28

The board should be supplied in a timely manner with information in a form and of a quality appropriate to enable it to discharge its duties.

Question 29

B.5.1.

Answer 29

The board should ensure that directors, especially non-executive directors, have access to independent professional advice at the company’s expense where they judge it necessary to discharge their responsibilities as directors. Committees should be provided with sufficient resources to undertake their duties.

Question 30

B.5.2.

Answer 30

All directors should have access to the advice and services of the company secretary, who is responsible to the board for ensuring that board procedures are
complied with. Both the appointment and removal of the company secretary should be a matter for the board as a whole.

Question 31

B.6.

Answer 31

The board should undertake a formal and rigorous annual evaluation of its own performance and that of its committees and individual directors.

Question 32

B.6.1

Answer 32

The board should state in the annual report how performance evaluation of the board, its committees and its individual directors has been conducted.

Question 33

B.6.2.

Answer 33

Evaluation of the board of FTSE 350 companies should be externally facilitated at least every three years. The external facilitator should be identified in the annual
report and a statement made as to whether they have any other connection with the company.

Question 34

B.6.3.

Answer 34

The non-executive directors, led by the senior independent director, should be responsible for performance evaluation of the chairman, taking into account the views of executive directors.

Question 35

B.7.

Answer 35

All directors should be submitted for re-election at regular intervals, subject to continued satisfactory performance.

Question 36

B.7.1.

Answer 36

All directors of FTSE 350 companies should be subject to annual election by shareholders. All other directors should be subject to election by shareholders at the
first annual general meeting after their appointment, and to re-election thereafter at intervals of no more than three years. Non-executive directors who have served
longer than nine years should be subject to annual re-election. The names of directors submitted for election or re-election should be accompanied by sufficient
biographical details and any other relevant information to enable shareholders to take an informed decision on their election.

Question 37

B.7.2.

Answer 37

The board should set out to shareholders in the papers accompanying a resolution to elect a non-executive director why they believe an individual should be elected. The chairman should confirm to shareholders when proposing re-election that, following formal performance evaluation, the individual’s performance continues to be effective and to demonstrate commitment to the role.

Question 38

C.1.

Answer 38

The board should present a fair, balanced and understandable assessment of the company’s position and prospects.

Question 39

C.1.1.

Answer 39

The directors should explain in the annual report their responsibility for preparing the annual report and accounts, and state that they consider the annual report and accounts, taken as a whole, is fair, balanced and understandable and provides the information necessary for shareholders to assess the company’s position and
performance, business model and strategy. There should be a statement by the auditor about their reporting responsibilities.

Question 40

C.1.2.

Answer 40

The directors should include in the annual report an explanation of the basis on which the company generates or preserves value over the longer term (the business model) and the strategy for delivering the objectives of the company.

Question 41

C.1.3.

Answer 41

In annual and half-yearly financial statements, the directors should state whether they considered it appropriate to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing them, and identify any material uncertainties to the company’s ability to continue to
do so over a period of at least twelve months from the date of approval of the financial statements.

Question 42

C.2.

Answer 42

The board is responsible for determining the nature and extent of the principal risks it is willing to take in achieving its strategic objectives. The board should maintain sound risk management and internal control systems.

Question 43

C.2.1.

Answer 43

The directors should confirm in the annual report that they have carried out a robust assessment of the principal risks facing the company, including those that would threaten its business model, future performance, solvency or liquidity. The directors should describe those risks and explain how they are being managed or mitigated.

Question 44

C.2.2.

Answer 44

Taking account of the company’s current position and principal risks, the directors should explain in the annual report how they have assessed the prospects of the
company, over what period they have done so and why they consider that period to be appropriate. The directors should state whether they have a reasonable
expectation that the company will be able to continue in operation and meet its liabilities as they fall due over the period of their assessment, drawing attention to
any qualifications or assumptions as necessary.

Question 45

C.2.3.

Answer 45

The board should monitor the company’s risk management and internal control systems and, at least annually, carry out a review of their effectiveness, and report on that review in the annual report. The monitoring and review should cover all material controls, including financial, operational and compliance controls.

Question 46

C.3.

Answer 46

The board should establish formal and transparent arrangements for considering how they should apply the corporate reporting and risk management and internal control principles and for maintaining an appropriate relationship with the company’s auditors.

Question 47

C.3.1.

Answer 47

The board should establish an audit committee of at least three, or in the case of smaller companies two, independent non-executive directors. In smaller companies the company chairman may be a member of, but not chair, the committee in addition to the independent non-executive directors, provided he or she was considered independent on appointment as chairman. The board should satisfy itself that at least
one member of the audit committee has recent and relevant financial experience.

The audit committee as a whole shall have competence relevant to the sector in which the company operates.

Question 48

C.3.2.

Answer 48

The main role and responsibilities of the audit committee should be set out in written terms of reference and should include:
 to monitor the integrity of the financial statements of the company and any formal announcements relating to the company’s financial performance, reviewing
significant financial reporting judgements contained in them;
 to review the company’s internal financial controls and, unless expressly addressed by a separate board risk committee composed of independent directors, or by the board itself, to review the company’s internal control and risk management systems;
 to monitor and review the effectiveness of the company’s internal audit function;
 to make recommendations to the board, for it to put to the shareholders for their approval in general meeting, in relation to the appointment, re-appointment and
removal of the external auditor and to approve the remuneration and terms of engagement of the external auditor;
 to review and monitor the external auditor’s independence and objectivity and the effectiveness of the audit process, taking into consideration relevant UK
professional and regulatory requirements;
 to develop and implement policy on the engagement of the external auditor to supply non-audit services, taking into account relevant ethical guidance regarding
the provision of non-audit services by the external audit firm; and to report to the board, identifying any matters in respect of which it considers that action or improvement is needed and making recommendations as to the steps to be taken; and
 to report to the board on how it has discharged its responsibilities

Question 49

C.3.3.

Answer 49

The terms of reference of the audit committee, including its role and the authority delegated to it by the board, should be made available.

Question 50

C.3.4.

Answer 50

Where requested by the board, the audit committee should provide advice on whether the annual report and accounts, taken as a whole, is fair, balanced and
understandable and provides the information necessary for shareholders to assess the company’s position and performance, business model and strategy.

Question 51

C.3.5.

Answer 51

The audit committee should review arrangements by which staff of the company may, in confidence, raise concerns about possible improprieties in matters of financial reporting or other matters. The audit committee’s objective should be to ensure that
arrangements are in place for the proportionate and independent investigation of such matters and for appropriate follow-up action.

Question 52

C.3.6.

Answer 52

The audit committee should monitor and review the effectiveness of the internal audit activities. Where there is no internal audit function, the audit committee should
consider annually whether there is a need for an internal audit function and make a recommendation to the board, and the reasons for the absence of such a function
should be explained in the relevant section of the annual report.

Question 53

C.3.7.

Answer 53

The audit committee should have primary responsibility for making a recommendation on the appointment, reappointment and removal of the external
auditors.20 If the board does not accept the audit committee’s recommendation, it should include in the annual report, and in any papers recommending appointment or re-appointment, a statement from the audit committee explaining the recommendation and should set out reasons why the board has taken a different position.

Question 54

C.3.8.

Answer 54

A separate section of the annual report should describe the work of the committee in discharging its responsibilities. The report should include:
 the significant issues that the committee considered in relation to the financial statements, and how these issues were addressed;
 an explanation of how it has assessed the effectiveness of the external audit process and the approach taken to the appointment or reappointment of the external auditor, information on the length of tenure of the current audit firm, when a tender was last conducted and advance notice of any retendering plans;
and
 if the external auditor provides non-audit services, an explanation of how auditor objectivity and independence are safeguarded.

Question 55

D.1.

Answer 55

Executive directors’ remuneration should be designed to promote the long-term success of the company. Performance-related elements should be transparent,
stretching and rigorously applied.

Question 56

D.1.1.

Answer 56

In designing schemes of performance-related remuneration for executive directors, the remuneration committee should follow the provisions in Schedule A to this Code. Schemes should include provisions that would enable the company to recover sums paid or withhold the payment of any sum, and specify the circumstances in which it would be appropriate to do so.

Question 57

D.1.2.

Answer 57

Where a company releases an executive director to serve as a non-executive director elsewhere, the remuneration report should include a statement as to whether or not the director will retain such earnings and, if so, what the remuneration is.

Question 58

D.1.3.

Answer 58

Levels of remuneration for non-executive directors should reflect the time commitment and responsibilities of the role. Remuneration for non-executive directors should not include share options or other performance-related elements. If, exceptionally, options are granted, shareholder approval should be sought in advance and any shares acquired by exercise of the options should be held until at least one year after the non-executive director leaves the board. Holding of share options could be relevant to the determination of a non-executive director’s independence (as set out in provision B.1.1).

Question 59

D.1.4.

Answer 59

The remuneration committee should carefully consider what compensation commitments (including pension contributions and all other elements) their directors’
terms of appointment would entail in the event of early termination. The aim should be to avoid rewarding poor performance. They should take a robust line on reducing
compensation to reflect departing directors’ obligations to mitigate loss.

Question 60

D.1.5.

Answer 60

Notice or contract periods should be set at one year or less. If it is necessary to offer longer notice or contract periods to new directors recruited from outside, such periods should reduce to one year or less after the initial period.

Question 61

D.2.

Answer 61

There should be a formal and transparent procedure for developing policy on executive remuneration and for fixing the remuneration packages of individual directors. No director should be involved in deciding his or her own remuneration.

Question 62

D.2.1.

Answer 62

The board should establish a remuneration committee of at least three, or in the case of smaller companies two, independent non-executive directors. In addition the
company chairman may also be a member of, but not chair, the committee if he or she was considered independent on appointment as chairman. The remuneration committee should make available its terms of reference, explaining its role and the authority delegated to it by the board. Where remuneration consultants are appointed, they should be identified in the annual report and a statement made as to whether they have any other connection with the company.

Question 63

D.2.2.

Answer 63

The remuneration committee should have delegated responsibility for setting remuneration for all executive directors and the chairman, including pension rights
and any compensation payments. The committee should also recommend and monitor the level and structure of remuneration for senior management. The definition of ‘senior management’ for this purpose should be determined by the board but should normally include the first layer of management below board level.

Question 64

D.2.3.

Answer 64

The board itself or, where required by the Articles of Association, the shareholders should determine the remuneration of the non-executive directors within the limits set in the Articles of Association. Where permitted by the Articles, the board may however delegate this responsibility to a committee, which might include the chief executive.

Question 65

D.2.4.

Answer 65

Shareholders should be invited specifically to approve all new long-term incentive schemes (as defined in the Listing Rules) and significant changes to existing schemes, save in the circumstances permitted by the Listing Rules.

Question 66

E.1.

Answer 66

There should be a dialogue with shareholders based on the mutual understanding of objectives. The board as a whole has responsibility for ensuring that a satisfactory
dialogue with shareholders takes place.

Question 67

E.1.1.

Answer 67

The chairman should ensure that the views of shareholders are communicated to the board as a whole. The chairman should discuss governance and strategy with major shareholders. Non-executive directors should be offered the opportunity to attend
scheduled meetings with major shareholders and should expect to attend meetings if requested by major shareholders. The senior independent director should attend sufficient meetings with a range of major shareholders to listen to their views in order to help develop a balanced understanding of the issues and concerns of major shareholders.

Question 68

E.1.2.

Answer 68

The board should state in the annual report the steps they have taken to ensure that the members of the board, and in particular the non-executive directors, develop an understanding of the views of major shareholders about the company, for example through direct face-to-face contact, analysts’ or brokers’ briefings and surveys of shareholder opinion.

Question 69

E.2.

Answer 69

The board should use general meetings to communicate with investors and to encourage their participation.

Question 70

E.2.1.

Answer 70

At any general meeting, the company should propose a separate resolution on each substantially separate issue, and should in particular propose a resolution at the
AGM relating to the report and accounts. For each resolution, proxy appointment forms should provide shareholders with the option to direct their proxy to vote either for or against the resolution or to withhold their vote. The proxy form and any announcement of the results of a vote should make it clear that a ’vote withheld’ is not a vote in law and will not be counted in the calculation of the proportion of the votes for and against the resolution.

Question 71

E.2.2.

Answer 71

The company should ensure that all valid proxy appointments received for general meetings are properly recorded and counted. For each resolution, where a vote has been taken on a show of hands, the company should ensure that the following information is given at the meeting and made available as soon as reasonably practicable on a website which is maintained by or on behalf of the company:
 the number of shares in respect of which proxy appointments have been validly made;
 the number of votes for the resolution;
 the number of votes against the resolution; and
 the number of shares in respect of which the vote was directed to be withheld.
When, in the opinion of the board, a significant proportion of votes have been cast against a resolution at any general meeting, the company should explain when announcing the results of voting what actions it intends to take to understand the reasons behind the vote result.

Question 72

E.2.3.

Answer 72

The chairman should arrange for the chairmen of the audit, remuneration and nomination committees to be available to answer questions at the AGM and for all
directors to attend.

Question 73

E.2.4.

Answer 73

The company should arrange for the Notice of the AGM and related papers to be sent to shareholders at least 20 working days before the meeting. For other general
meetings this should be at least 14 working days in advance.