UE 2 Flashcards
refers to the expression of one’s responsibility to take care of, nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to him.
STEWARDSHIP
In health care practice, it refers to the execution of responsibility of the health care practitioners to look after, provide necessary health care services, and promote the health and life of those entrusted to their care.
STEWARDSHIP
Roles of Nurses as Stewards
Practice of bearing witness or being present to clients.
Preserve and promote what is intrinsically valuable within their environments
Recognize openness to clients by respecting their capacity to be authentic.
Assist clients to express their feelings.
Encourage clients to gain insight into their needs and their potential satisfaction.
Participate in setting visions for health-care organizations that promote the greater
good.
These principles dictates that the well-being of the whole person must be
considered in deciding about any therapeutic intervention or use of technology.
A part exists for the good of the whole and may be sacrificed when necessary to
serve a proportionate good for the whole.
Principle of Totality
refers to everyone’s duty to “preserve a view of the whole human person in which the values of the intellect, will, conscience and fraternity are preeminent”
INTEGRITY
Integrity Types
Anatomical integrity
Functional integrity
refers to the duty to preserve intact the physical component of the integrated bodily and spiritual nature of human life, whereby every part of the human body “exists for the sake of the whole as the imperfect for the sake of the
perfect”.
TOTALITY
Refers to the material or physical integrity of the human body.
Anatomical Integrity
Refers to the systematic efficiency of the human body.
Functional Integrity
Transplanting organs from one living person to another is ethically acceptable provided that the following criteria are met:
- There is a serious need on the part of the recipient that cannot be fulfilled in any other way.
- The functional integrity of the donor as a human person will not be impaired, even though anatomical integrity may suffer.
- The risk taken by the donor as an act of charity is proportionate to the good resulting for the recipient.
- The donor’s and the recipient’s consents are free and informed.
‘usual’ or ‘customary’ for physicians to use them for certain diseases, such as pneumonia, or certain problems, such as malnutrition.
Ordinary Means
‘unusual’ or ‘uncustomary’ for physicians to use them for certain diseases or problems.
Extraordinary Means
Based on an understanding of sexuality as one of the basic traits of a person and must be developed in ways consistent with enhancing human dignity.
Takes note of a humanized sexuality, one that represents the fulfillment of physical and sensual need but also evidenced with love and sacramental mystery
Principle of Personalized Sexuality
The gift of human sexuality must be used in marriage in keeping with its intrinsic, indivisible, specifically human teleology. It should be loving, bodily, pleasurable expression of the complimentary, permanent self-giving of a man and woman to each other, which is open to fruition in perpetuation and expansion of this personal communion through the family they beget and educate.
Principle of Personalized Sexuality
Refers to anatomic sex, male or female
Sex
Refers to anatomic structures, called sex organs or sexual organs, that play a role in reproduction or sexual pleasure.
Sexual
Refers to physical activities involving our sex organs for purposes of reproduction, or pleasure
Having sex
Refers to social or cultural categories.
Gender
Refers to the ways in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings.
Human Sexuality
Make-up of an Individual’s Unique Sexual Being
Physical
Psychological
Social
Cultural
Spiritual
Five Features of Sexuality
Sensuality
Intimacy
Sexual Identity
Reproduction
Sexualization
awareness and acceptance of our own body
knowledge of anatomy & physiology
understanding sexual response
body image
satisfaction of skin hunger
attraction template
fantasy
SENSUALITY
experiencing emotional closeness to another
Caring
Sharing
Risk taking
Vulnerability
Self- disclosure
INTIMACY
process of discovering who we are in terms of sexuality
Gender roles
Orientation
Self esteem & confidence level
Relationships with family & friends
Roles as child & adult
Perception of self as male/female
SEXUAL IDENTITY
values, attitudes & behaviors relating to reproduction
Contraception & fertility issues
Lifestyles
STIs (including AIDS)
Anatomy & physiology
Morality issues
REPRODUCTION
use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate
Style of dress
Appearance & body language
Advertising
Movies, talk shows & media
Harassment & sexual assault
Paraphilias (voyeurism, exhibitionism…)
SEXUALISM
the qualities in life which are deemed important or unimportant, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
VALUES
relate to our conduct with and treatment of other people, more than just right or wrong, looks at the whole picture
MORAL VALUES
relate to the rightness and wrongness of sexual conduct and when and how sexuality should be expressed
SEXUAL MORAL VALUES
we acquire our sexual values from our social environment
SOURCES OF SEXUAL VALUES
Value System for Making Sexual Decisions
Legalism
Situational ethics
Ethical relativism
Hedonism
Asceticism
Utilitarianism
Rationalism
The legalistic approach formulates ethical behavior on
the basis of a code of moral laws derived from an external source, such as a religion.
The Hebrew and Christian Bibles contain many examples
of the moral code of the Jewish and Christian religions.
Legalism
Book of Leviticus (20:10-17)
argued that ethical decision making should be guided by love for others rather than by rigid moral rules, and that sexual decision making should be based on the context of the situation that the person faces.
Joseph Fletcher
Episcopal theologian Joseph Fletcher (1966) argued that ethical decision making should be guided by love for others rather than by rigid moral rules, and that sexual decision making should be based on the context of the situation that the person faces.
“The situationist is prepared in any concrete case to suspend, ignore, or violate any principle if by doing so he can effect better than by following it” (1966, p. 34).
Situational Ethics
Situation ethics has one Primary principle
for Unconditional love; not love As an emotion but the love That put what is best for The other person first.
Agape
What does situation ethics rejects
Free love (like natural law and Kantian ethics. Rejecting onenight stands, orgies etc.)
Assumes that diverse values are basic to human
existence.
Ethical relativists reject the idea that there is a single
correct moral view about subjects as diverse as wearing
revealing clothing, masturbation, premarital sex, oral sex,
anal sex, contraception, and abortion.
Ethical Relativism
One form of ethical relativism.
From this perspective, what is right or wrong must be
understood in terms of the cultural beliefs that affect
sexual decision making.
Cultural relativism
Guided by the pursuit of pleasure, not by whether a particular behavior is morally or situationally justified.
“If it feels good, do it” expresses the hedonistic ethic.
Hedonism
Religious celibates, such as Roman Catholic priests and Buddhist monks, choose asceticism (self-denial of material and sexual desires) in order to devote themselves to spiritual pursuits.
Asceticism
proposed an ethical system based on utilitarianism —the view that moral conduct is based on that which will bring about “the greatest good for the greatest number” ( Mill, 1863 ).
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism
Utilitarian reasons for having sex:
1) The value of pleasure.
2) The contribution which shared pleasure makes to the value of a relationship.
3) That consensual sex creates much good, and, if harm to another person is avoided, provides the greatest happiness for the greatest number
Utilitarian view to sex is called
More than a contractarian approach which emphasises the
importance of mutual voluntary informed consent
Libertarian
as long as there is mutual consent for pleasure sex is not wrong if both partners are willing. He also asked whether such a relationship harmed society/caused unhappiness, either physical or moral (Undermining marriage, fidelity etc)
Bentham
–(an act or consequence is morally permissible if no harm is done) is important to utilitarianism especially in extra-marital affairs – short-term pleasure will produce long term pain. Etc.
Harm principle
is the use of reason to determine a course of action.
The rationalist believes that decisions should be based
on intellect and reason rather than emotions or faith.
Rationalism
