UDOL Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Elements of life (smallest to largest)
electron, atom, cell, tissue
Elements of life (largest to smallest)
tissue, cell, atom, electron
Which type of molecules ends in -ose?
sugar
Which type of molecules ends in -ase?
enzyme
prokaryotes
lack a nucleus
DNA is less structured and shaped like a loop
unicellular
organelles: cell wall, cytoplasm, flagella and pili, nucleoids, plasmids
examples: bacteria, archaea
eukaryotes
contain a nucleus
made up of cells with membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA is bound in the nucleus
unicellular or multicellular
examples: animals, protists, plants, fungi
DNA is organized into chromosomes
genus
identified by the first part of a binomial, a group of species that share a recent common ancestor
species
a group of organisms capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
What are the three functions of proteins?
builds and repairs tissue, allows metabolic reactions to take place, coordinates bodily functions
Where do we find lipids?
in fats and oils
Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
eukaryotes
What are the cell membrane’s functions?
regulates what enters and leaves the cytoplasm, enclose cells lining the sweat glands
What is the purpose of phylogenetic trees?
displays the evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor
What is the end result of photosynthesis?
the production of carbohydrates and oxygen
Why are thylakoid membranes critical to photosynthesis?
stores chlorophyll and lumen, maintains concentration gradients
Why are chloroplasts critical to photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.
How is genetic material structured in prokaryotes?
loosely-structured, shaped like a loop
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
What are the four macromolecules?
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
What do mitochondria produce in terms of energy?
ATP
cocci
coccus, round
bacilli
bacillus
mitochondria
mitochondrion
cyto-
cell
What does the plant cell wall primarily consist of?
cellulose
lysosome
a type of protein and enzyme found in tears, mucus, and saliva
contains digestive enzymes
lysosome secondary structure
consists of alpha helices and beta sheets, determined by hydrogen bonding
lysosome tertiary structure
three-dimensional, formed by the interactions between amino acid side chains
What is bound to an active site?
substrate
How do bacteria divide?
through binary fission
How do cells move?
using flagella and cilia
flagellum
tails
cilia
hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane
What is a strand of cocci called?
streptococci
bacteriophage
complex shape with heads, sheaths, and tails
How are viruses identified?
shape, size, nucleic acids, type of host
gram-positive color
purple, blue
gram-negative color
pink, red
What is tonicity?
the measure of how much matter is in a solution
What shape is a bacillus?
rod-shaped
What shape is a coccus?
round
How are trees connected?
by mycelium
What do trees share with each other?
water, nutrients, nitrogen
What are big trees known as?
mother trees, hub trees
What does saline have the same tonicity as?
blood
isotonic
having the same tonicity
hypotonic
below, causes cells to burst
hypertonic
above, shrivels up cells
solute
dissolves in water
solvent
water, H2O
What do mitochondria produce?
Mitochondria produce ATP.
What are the four body systems?
thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, cranial vault, digestive tract
digestive tract
GI tract, intestines, esophagus
thoracic cavity
trachea, lungs, diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
GI tract, abdomen, liver, spleen, kidneys
How do humans influence animal behavior?
training, luring animals for hunting, feedlots, turning off lights to aid birds in migration, breeding
What are three species of ruminants?
cows, sheep, goats
