UCSP Reviewer Flashcards
- Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior and
Phenomena
Social Behavior:
Definition:
Refers to how individuals interact with
one another within a society. It includes actions and
reactions that occur in the context of social
relationships.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior and
Phenomena
Social Behavior:
Examples:
Family Interactions: The roles and expectations
within a family, such as parental authority and
sibling relationships.
Peer Groups: How friends influence each other’s
behavior, including norms around socializing,
fashion, and language.
Social Institutions: The role of schools, churches,
and other institutions in shaping behavior through
education, religion, and community norms.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior and
Phenomena
Cultural Behavior:
Examples:
Religious Practices: Rituals such as prayer, fasting,
and ceremonies specific to religious beliefs.
Cultural Festivals: Events like fiestas, dances, and
traditional ceremonies that reflect a community’s
heritage.
Language: The way language is used to
communicate values, stories, and traditions.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior and
Phenomena
Cultural Behavior:
Definition:
Encompasses the practices, beliefs, and
rituals that are characteristic of a particular group of
people.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior and
Phenomena
Political Behavior:
Definition:
Involves actions related to governance,
power, and decision-making within a society.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Behavior and
Phenomena
Political Behavior:
Examples:
Voting: Participation in elections to choose leaders
or make decisions on public issues.
Activism: Engaging in protests, campaigns, or
advocacy to influence political change.
Governance: How laws are made and enforced, and
the role of citizens in holding leaders accountable.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Change
Social Change:
Definition:
Refers to significant alterations in the
social structure and behavior patterns over time.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Change
Political Change:
Definition:
Refers to changes in the way a society
governs itself, including shifts in power and
policies.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Change
Cultural Change:
Definition:
Involves the transformation of cultural
symbols, beliefs, and practices.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Change
Social Change:
Drivers:
Technology: The impact of innovations like the
internet and social media on communication and
social interactions.
Education: How increased access to education can
lead to shifts in societal values and expectations.
Social Movements: Examples include the Civil
Rights Movement, feminism, and environmental
activism, which have brought about changes in laws
and social attitudes.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Change
Cultural Change:
Examples:
Globalization: The blending and spreading of
cultures across the world, leading to the adoption of
foreign customs, foods, and languages.
Cultural Diffusion: The process by which cultural
elements are borrowed or adapted by other cultures,
such as the global popularity of Korean pop music
(K-pop).
Cultural Resistance: Efforts to preserve traditional
cultures against the influence of dominant or
foreign cultures.
- Social, Cultural, and Political Change
Political Change:
Examples:
Revolutions: Sudden and significant changes in
government, such as the French Revolution or the
People Power Revolution in the Philippines.
Reforms: Gradual changes, like the implementation
of new laws to improve social welfare or protect
human rights.
International Influence: How global organizations
like the United Nations or international treaties can
lead to changes in national policies.
- Defining Xenocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and
Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism:
Definition:
The belief that one’s own culture is
superior to others, often leading to the judgment of
other cultures by one’s cultural norms.
- Defining Xenocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and
Cultural Relativism
Xenocentrism:
Examples:
Consumer Preferences: Choosing foreign brands or
products because they are perceived as superior to
local ones.
Cultural Adoption: Embracing foreign customs or
fashion trends while disregarding or undervaluing
local traditions.
- Defining Xenocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and
Cultural Relativism
Xenocentrism:
Definition:
The preference for the products, styles,
or ideas of another culture over one’s own.
- Defining Xenocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and
Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism:
Examples:
Cultural Bias: Viewing other cultures as “primitive”
or “inferior” based on one’s own cultural standards.
Nationalism: The belief in the superiority of one’s
nation and culture, sometimes leading to
discrimination against foreigners or minorities.
- Defining Xenocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism:
Definition:
The practice of understanding and
evaluating cultural practices within their own
context rather than through the lens of another
culture.
- Forms of Tangible and Intangible Heritage
Tangible Heritage:
Examples:
Monuments: Structures like the Banaue Rice
Terraces or the Rizal Monument that represent
cultural history.
Artifacts: Objects such as traditional clothing,
weapons, or pottery that reflect the material culture
of a society.
Architectural Sites: Historic buildings like churches,
temples, and ancestral homes that are preserved for
their cultural importance.
- Defining Xenocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism:
Examples:
Cultural Understanding: Appreciating why certain
rituals, like traditional tattoos or food practices, are
significant within a culture.
Avoiding Judgment: Recognizing that practices
such as arranged marriages or communal living are
valid within the cultural contexts that support them.
- Forms of Tangible and Intangible Heritage
Tangible Heritage:
Definition:
Physical artifacts and places that have
historical, cultural, or social significance.
- Forms of Tangible and Intangible Heritage
Intangible Heritage:
Definition:
Non-physical aspects of culture,
including traditions, languages, and social practices.
- Forms of Tangible and Intangible Heritage
Intangible Heritage:
Examples:
Oral Traditions: Stories, legends, and folklore
passed down through generations.
Performing Arts: Traditional dances like the
Tinikling or music like the Kundiman that express
cultural identity.
Rituals and Festivals: Celebrations such as the
Ati-Atihan or Sinulog festivals that reflect the
religious and cultural beliefs of a community.
- Enculturation and Socialization
Identity Formation:
Definition:
The process by which individuals
develop a sense of self within their cultural and
social environment.
- Enculturation and Socialization
Norms and Values:
Definition:
Norms are the accepted rules of
behavior, while values are the beliefs that guide
those behaviors.
- Enculturation and Socialization
Identity Formation:
Examples:
Cultural Identity: How being part of a specific
cultural group (e.g., Filipino, Muslim, Indigenous)
shapes one’s self-perception and interactions with
others.
Gender Identity: How society’s expectations of
gender roles influence an individual’s self-concept
and behavior.
- Enculturation and Socialization
Statuses and Roles:
Status:
Definition:
A person’s position in society, which
can be achieved (e.g., becoming a doctor) or
ascribed (e.g., being born into a royal family).
- Enculturation and Socialization
Norms and Values:
Examples:
Social Norms: Expectations like respecting elders,
being polite in public, or adhering to dress codes.
Cultural Values: Beliefs in concepts like ‘Bayanihan’
(community spirit) or ‘Hiya’ (sense of
shame/modesty) that influence social behavior.
- Enculturation and Socialization
Statuses and Roles:
Role:
The expected behavior associated with a
particular status.
- Enculturation and Socialization
Statuses and Roles:
Examples:
Role Conflict: When someone has conflicting
expectations from different statuses, like being a
student and an employee at the same time.
Role Strain: When the demands of a single status
are overwhelming, such as a teacher managing
multiple classes.
- Biological Evolution of Man
Hominid Evolution:
Definition:
The process by which early human
species evolved over millions of years.
- Biological Evolution of Man
Hominid Evolution:
Key Stages:
Australopithecus: One of the earliest human
ancestors, known for walking upright but still
having a small brain.
Homo habilis: Known as the “handyman,” this
species was the first to use simple stone tools.
Homo erectus: The first to leave Africa, use fire,
and have a more human-like body structure.
Homo sapiens: The modern human species, known
for advanced tool use, language, and culture.
- Biological Evolution of Man
Cultural Evolution of Man
Definition:
The development of human culture
from simple to complex forms over time.
- Biological Evolution of Man
Sociopolitical Evolution of Man
Key Developments:
Hunter-Gatherer Societies: Small, nomadic groups
with minimal social hierarchy and simple
decision-making processes.
Agrarian Societies: Larger, settled communities
with more complex social structures, including the
division of labor and the emergence of leadership
roles.
Industrial Societies: Societies characterized by the
use of machines, urbanization
- Biological Evolution of Man
Cultural Evolution of Man
Key Developments:
Stone Tools: The first tools used for hunting and
gathering.
Language: The development of complex
communication, allowing for the transmission of
knowledge and culture.
Art and Religion: The creation of cave paintings,
sculptures, and religious rituals as expressions of
early human creativity and belief systems.
Agriculture: The shift from hunting and gathering to
farming, leading to settled communities and the rise
of civilizations.
- Biological Evolution of Man
Sociopolitical Evolution of Man
Definition:
The development of social and political
structures that organize human societies.
