UCSP Q2 REVIEWER Flashcards
1
Q
who proposed darwinism
A
Charles Darwin
2
Q
new formation of a new body plan or the genes
A
genetic mutation
3
Q
certain environmentally adopted biological features
A
natural selections
3
Q
effects on the growth and development of the organism
A
homeobox
4
Q
this suggestions that all things were made by God
A
days of creation story
5
Q
collection of past experiences. events from the past that are recorded with written records.
A
history
6
Q
what kind of discipline is history
A
european
7
Q
it was before written records.
A
prehistory
8
Q
ay ang lahat ng may saysay na isinalaysay na nakapagpabago sa lipunan. It is more of a Filipino discipline.
A
kasaysayan
9
Q
here we analyze and discuss the development of man due to social interaction and its environment
A
cultural evolution
10
Q
Paleolithic
A
old Stone Age
11
Q
neolitic
A
New Stone Age
12
Q
mesolithic
A
middle Stone Age
13
Q
it was the transition period
between the paleolithic and neolithic period
A
mesolithic
14
Q
→ 3 million years to 10000AC
→ First human species (2.5
millions years BC)
→ Use of fire (1 million years
BC)
A
Paleolithic period
15
Q
→ 10000 BC
→ Agriculture begins (10000
BC)
A
neolithic period
16
Q
3000BC to nowadays
A
history
17
Q
→ 3000 BC to 476 AC
→ Invention of Writing (3000
BC)
A
ancient age
18
Q
→ 476 AC to 1492 AC
→ Fall of Western Roman
Empire (476 AC)
A
medieval age
19
Q
→ 1492 to 1789 AC
→ Columbus discovered
America (1492 AC)
A
modern age
20
Q
→ 1789 AC to 2011AC
→ French Revolution (1789
AC)
A
contemporary age
21
Q
oldest system of writing
A
cuneiform
22
Q
where did cuneiform start
A
mesopotamia
23
Q
how was cuneiform transcribed
A
in clays and was hardened
24
oldest discovered records in the Philippines were written in
baybayin
25
where was baybayin written
Laguna copperplate, dahon, bamboo, at sa mga trees
26
first fossils apes or hominoids began to appear I. Asia, Africa, and Europe
miocene
27
→ Homo and Homi
→ Human Beings Oxides
→ They are resembling to Human
Beings but they are not considered
human beings
→ They became extinct because of
climate change
hominoids
28
→ Bipedalism
→ Larger Brains and Bipedal
■ Pelvis bigger because they always squat
■ Their bone structures adjust
→ Locomotion
→ Curves on spine, shape of the
pelvis and shape of the foot bones
■ Spine curved because they
always slouch
early humans
29
are bipedal but have small brain size in portion to their bodies.
australopithecine
30
→ Smaller teeth and larger brains
→ Higher ability to learn
→ Better processing information
→ Close to dates where early stone
tools were discovered.
■ Because the archeological
sites of these archeologists saw other artifacts around them and when they carbon dated, it was closely dated
homo habilis/australopithecus
31
→ Larger Brain
→ More able to adapt in the
environment
→ Perceived through tools they made.
homo erectus
32
materials that was used to make
their tools and weapons was made out of stone
Stone Age
33
materials that was used to make
their tools and weapons was made out of bronze
bronze age
34
materials that was used to make their tools and weapons was made out of iron
Iron Age
35
they hunt and gather because they don't know how to domesticate
Stone Age
36
→ Paleolithic tools are made of stones.
→ HOMOHABILIS or ABLE MAN O HANDY MAN first SPECIES of hominid .
■ they use the tools with the using their hands
→ Later on, HOMO ERECTUS emerged which is more advanced than Homo Habilis.
→ If you would check the tools, they use the tools for their protection as their weapons to kill their predators or for them to hunt for food.
lower Paleolithic
37
→ Neanderthals are the most
popular. They also have cave art.
→ This stone age people believe in the idea of life after death.
→ Fossils have been found in Europe, Asia and North Africa.
middle Paleolithic
38
→ Cro-Magnon
→ People who developed art.
→ It includes beads, necklaces and
bracelets. These are usually made out of precious stones. Before, precious stones were everywhere. Gold nuggets are everywhere. They also use bones and teeth of the wild animals that they kill. They use it as their necklaces, bracelets, and even as their weapons.
→ Theyalso"CaveArt'
→ Ifyouhaveatigerteethnecklace,
others will be scared. It is used to
intimidate other groups.
→ Biggerbonesarealsofor
architecture - settlements
upper Paleolithic
39
He is an archeologist. He discovered the 3rd metatarsal in Caliawa Cave in Luzon. This is the bone in the feet. This discovery changed the history of the world.
Arman Mejares
40
Usually they used stone, bronze, iron as their major component of their tools
neolithic
41
in the neolithic period, At first they were hunters and gatherers but they discovered food production based on their observations and experience that resulted in the
New Stone Age revolution
41
● They used polished stone and these were used for food production for them to hunt and to gather
● At first they were hunters and gatherers but they discovered food production based on their observations and experience that resulted in the New Stone Age Revolution.
● Food production in the different territories was considered a fundamental change that happened during this period.
neolithic
42
what did people discover about food production in the neolithic period?
domestication of animals, ariculture
43
how did they learn how to plant
They learned to plant because the fruits they ate had seeds and they spat and threw them away. They observed that what they spat on and threw away sprouted and they could see it growing and that discovered their agriculture.
44
because of domestication of animal and agriculture, they were less dependent on
wild food
45
They started to settle in specific areas they called
villages
46
during the neolithic period, social roles emerged. this was based on the role of their
parents
47
why did farmers settle in villages
to be near in the growing crops
48
all civilizations started because of
agriculture
49
true or false: When you are full, you are creative and think better. That's what happened to civilizations. They are not busy looking for food because it is easy to get food from them. And because it is easy to get food from them,theyareabletothinkmore and become more productive, and make more art.
true
49
a measure of how rich a civilization is if it has
arts and sciences
50
civilization collapses when there is
chaos, hungry people, and conquerors
51
irrigation
connects
52
canals
divert
53
civilization comes from the latin word "civis" which means
a person who lives in a city
54
refers to societies which large members of people lives in cities
anthropology
55
Inhabitants of the cities that are socially stratified and governed by a ruling elite who work in a centralized political system.
states
56
→ from the mountains, if there were rains, the mineral called lows were washed away from the mountains and that made the yellow river yellowish in color
→ If the river is already yellowish that is an indicator that the river is rich in minerals
yellow river
57
river gives fertile soil
river of life
58
river can kill thousands of people
river of sorrow
59
when the floods subside,
river of hope
60
→ Just like its good for Agriculture
→ Considered as “Holy Rivers”for the Indian Civilization
indus and Ganges river
61
→ Twin river
→ Mesopotamia was formed
because of these rivers
tigris and Euphrates river
62
Literally means the land between
two rivers
Mesopotamia
63
→ River in Egypt
→ For Egyptian Civilizations, this river serves as a natural barrier for them.
nile
64
river of Indus Valley
Indus and Ganges river
65
river of china
Huang Ho and Yangtze
66
river of Eurasia
river thames
67
river of Mediterranean Sea
courts
68
river of mesoamerica
amazon
69
river of Aztecs civilization
river texcoco
70
what helps in the different growth of civilization.
rivers and bodies of water
71
→ In South Central Turkey
→ Neolithic Settlement ( 3000 - 6000
inhabitants)
→ There the villagers built a
rectangular flat roofed house made of oak and brick of dried mud. Entrance was the roof itself.
Catal Hyuk
72
→ Located in Cambodia
→ Itisbehindthemountainous
region. Mountains and rivers are natural barriers.
★ Possibleinvaderswillhave to deal with the natural barriers first which are the rivers.
★ Temples, priests, and elites were protected because they had a natural barrier
→ It is strategically located and organized where they will locate their temples
angkor wat
73
→ It is man made
→ Used for transporting goods
→ Main purpose was to protect the
Chinese territory from invaders
→ It is strategically located, organizedly planned, and
strategically designed. simply because (look at the drawing) Humans or archers can guard that. When someone climbs the wall, there is a spear that can be stuck there so they can't just climb the wall. On this part of the wall, when there are invaders, there is either smoke or fire. It will notify the other towers that there are invaders.
Great Wall of china
74
Majorityofthegreatcivilizations and great religions in the world started in
Asia
75
It is an indicator of a high civilization if ___ were present.
religions
76
4 basic changes of neolithic period
agricultural innovation, diversification of labor, social stratification, taxes
77
→ Farming Methods
→ Water Infrastructure
→ Canals and Irrigations
→ As a result, the environment changed, and people changed. the lifestyle of the people and more crops, as a result the population grew.
→ There’s no feminism in the Philippines because we give high regards to women.
→ In civilization, women are very important.
agricultural innovation
78
→ Non-agricultural Activities
→ Specialization
→ Trade System
→ resulted to Artisans Craftsmen
→ Coppersmith, Silversmith, and Butchers
diversification of labor
79
→ Social Classes
→ Elites are usually are the people in
charged of the Government
→ Government
→ headed by the Elites during the early civilization
→ ensured that their cities were safe from their enemies by constructing
fortifications and raising an army
→ People pay taxes and after that laws, public works, and other memory and information (political, religious, and economic) were implemented because of how the taxes controlled the territory.
social stratification
80
→ are the lifeblood of the government
→ The government will take care of what you need if you pay taxes.
→ During that time, life was very simple. If we want to eat and survive in the territory just pay taxes to the government and they will protect you from invaders and wild animals.
taxes
81
→ earliest form of government
→ “theo”meansgod
→ The leaders were considered as
their gods, ancestors of gods, or related to gods. As a result, people were afraid of their gods. They think that gods controlled their lives.
theocracy
82
Arnold Toynbee is a Historian and Philosopher. He studied and analyzed civilizations. To sum up what he pointed out, he came up with the concept
"rise, peak, and fall" of civilization
82
The river civilizations were considered the ___. It gives life. Food and water is life.
river of life
83
But they lived near the river, calamities happened.
river of sorrow
84
Then if there’s sorrow, the river became
the river of fear
85
They did not leave the territory because for them "river is life" but "river of fear" happened. Leaders will ask for higher taxes to secure and protect their people. New infrastructure will be built.
Now, flooding is rare and not as high. So it became a
river of hope
86
Refers to the ways in which people respond to one another
social interaction
87
→ Collaborative efforts to achieve common goal
→ It is very important in real life situations
→ It is a 21st century skill that you need to develop
★ Teamsports ★ GroupPeTA
cooperation
88
Direct struggle between individuals or groups over commonly valued goals
conflict
89
→ One or more individual in opposing interaction toward attaining a similar goal
→ Only one can achieve the goal
→ If you lose, you will learn from your experience
→ This is not a negative concept. It will serve as a motivation and it may inspire people. But if in the process of competition, you will harm people then it will have a negative impact.
→ United, connectedness ,and networking
competition
90
individual or groups are forced to behave in a particular way
it can prove to be an effective social control
compelling people to comply with laws of instilling penalty
Using of penalty for them to follow
coercion
91
a voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in returns Rewards can be contextualized Can be negative to the society if used to people to help you back
exchange
92
behavior that matches group
expectations
→ Following guidelines
conformity
93
Refers to any of the socially
defined positions within a society
social status
94
refers to the way in which society
is organized into a predictable relationship then this can be societal institutions, politics, and religion. And because we are part of this, we have social practices and we have social roles
social structure
95
We are all part of different structures and we should function well in a society that we are part of
structural functionalism
96
Assigned outside of your control (ex: gender, age)
ascribed status
97
Achieved by an individual through
his/her own efforts
achieved status
98
set of expectations for people who occupy a given status
→ behavior, obligations, privileges are dependent on what status/es you
have
→ you occupy a status-you play a role
→ We have different statuses and it is possible that we have multiple statuses.
social role
98
Statuses that dominate others and determine the person's general position
master status
99
role that cant be fulfilled alone (doctor-patient, husband-wife, athlete-coach)
reciprocal role
100
Behaviors and actions expected
role expectation
101
An individual finds himself/herself
pulled in various directions while trying to respond to the statuses he/she holds at the same time
role conflict
102
→ An individual finds it difficult to perform the role expected of them
→ Problems of individuals in meeting or fulfilling their roles
→ One role only
role strain
103
disengage from a social role that
have been central to their lives
role exit
104
Collection of individuals who
regularly interact with one another
social groups
105
Small group characterized by
intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation (ex: families, childhood/close friends, highly influential group)
primary group
106
→ Larger, less intimate and more specialized group
→ Impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited time
→ Members treat others as means to achieve his/her objectives
→ There is a Professional relationship
→ It is possible that secondary
groups can be primary groups and vice-versa. It depends on your social interactions.
secondary group
107
A group to which people feel they
belong
→ It comprises everyone who is regarded as "we" or "us"
in-group
108
A group in which people feel they do not belong
→ Viewed as"they" or "them"
→ You are part of the group but you feel that you don’t belong
out-group
109
→ A group in which an individual compares himself/herself
→ Strongly influence an individual's
behavior, attitudes
→ Source of role model
reference group
110
Group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency
→ these institutions and organizations are monitored and guided by the government
formal organization
111
a component of formal
organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
bureaucracy
112
Series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and indirectly links him/her to more people
social networks
113
Integrated beliefs, norms and values formed and patterned aroundthesocialneeds,activities and way of life of members of society
social institutions
114
social institutions
family, political institutions, economic systems, non-state, education, religion, health
114
→ Identified as the, primary
socialization unit in Philippine
society
→ It refers to relations formed
between members of society developed through blood or consanguineal relationships, marriage or affinal relationships, adoption and other culturally accepted rituals.
kinship
115
kinship achieved by blood affinity or by birth
kinship by BLOOD (consanguineal)
116
→ both males and females belong to the kin group of their FATHER (agnatic succession)
→ Only the MALES pass on to their children their family identity
patrilineal form of descent
117
→ persons are related if they can trace their descent through females to the same woman ancestor
→ Only DAUGHTERS can pass on the family line to their offspring
matrilineal form of descent
117
→ baptism, confirmation, and marriage
→ This mutual kinship system, known as compadrazgo, meaning godparenthood or sponsorship, dates back at least to the introduction of Christianity and perhaps earlier
kinship by RITUAL
118
→ (market- exchange partnerships)
may develop between two people who agree to become regular customer and supplier.
suki relationships
119
→ client bonds also are very much a
part of prescribed patterns of
appropriate behavior.
→ It can be cutoff if you don't do your
behavior anymore
patron
119
→ Filipinos also extend the circle of
social alliances with friendship.
→ This can be overlapped
friendship
120
→ A socially sanctioned sexual and economic union between men and women
→ It is a sanctioned as some countries doesn’t allow same-sex marriage as they want to protect their population
marriage
121
Requires a person to marry
someone from its locality, own race, own class, own religion
endogamy
122
Requires mate selection outside
certain groups, usually family or certain kin or from other categories to prevent incentious relationship
exogamy
123
tendency to select a mate with
personal's characteristics similar
to one's own
homogamy
124
tendency to select a mate different
from one's own
heterogamy
125
one woman and one man are married to each other
monogamy
126
several spouses in his/her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time
serial monogamy
127
the husband or wife as more than one partner at the same time
polygamy
128
a marriage of a man to several women
polygyny
128
a marriage of a woman with more than one husband
polyandry
129
dissolve the marriage but remarrying is forbidden
legal separation
130
no existing marriage
annulment
130
separation and can marry
divorce
131
child will be married to the adult
child marriage
132
This usually consists of two generations of family, parents and their own or adopted children residing in the same household.
nuclear family
133
This is also known as the three
generation family. Consisting of grandparents, their children and their grandchildren
extended family
134
Families who live apart but who
create and retain a 'sense of collective welfare and unity, in short "familyhood," even across national borders'
transnational family
134
This is a family where one or more parents have been married previously and they bring with them children from their previous marriage (s).
reconstituted family (blended family)
134
Husband and wife separated from each other
separated families
135
→ Tracing kinship through the male line
→ You’re much close with your father’s side of the family
patrilineal family
136
→ Tracing kinship through the female line
→ You’re much close with your mother’s side of the family
matrilineal family
137
Both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important
bilateral descendant
138
The father is considered the head
patriarchal family
139
family in which spouses are regarded as equals
egalitarian family
139
authority is held by the mother
matriarchal family
140
when a married couple lives with or near the husband's family
patrilocal
140
when a couple lives with or near the mother's family
matrilocal
141
when a married couple sets up a home separate from either side of their families
neo-local
142
The family in to which a person is
born and in which early socialization usually takes place.
family of orientations
143
The family that a person forms by having, adopting or otherwise creating children
family by procreation
144
1. Reproduction
2. Protection
3. Socialization
4. Regulation of sexual
behavior
5. Affection and
companionship
6. Provision of social status
functionalist view of family
145
In wide range of societies, husbands exercised power and authority within the family (Domestic violence)
View family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice as it transfers power, property and privilege from one generation to the next ... Inheriting the privilege or the unfortunate social and economic status.
conflict view
146
Interested in how individuals
interact with each other, whether they are cohabiting partners or longtime married couples, conducted studies on the parents - child relationship
interactionist view
147
Interest in family as social institution because "family" is the focus of women's work
Urge social scientists and agencies to consider single parent, lesbian and single women
feminist view
148
Sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one’s maleness
machismo
149
Pride in extended family
familism
150
According to Talcott Parsons the industrialization era brought with it increased geographical and social mobility, resulting in the breakdown of the extended family to the privatized nuclear family.
industrialization
151
refers to a social phenomenon where young adults, typically in their 20s or 30s, move out of their parents' homes for a period but later return to live with them. This can happen for various reasons, such as financial challenges, pursuing additional education, or facing difficulties in establishing an independent living situation.
boomerang generation
152
refers to a stage in family life when parents find themselves with a "full nest" due to adult children living at home or returning to live with them.
full nest syndrome
153
Process that "allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood" to a new legal parent or parents
adoption
154
adoption of non-white child by
white parents
transracial adoption
155
choice of both parents to work
dual income families
156
separation of the mother and father
single-parent families
157
remarrying
step families
158
couple who choose to live together without marrying practice
cohabitation
159
describes a condition in which
members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
social inequality
160
social position assigned to person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
ascribed status
161
social position that person attains largely through his or her own efforts
achieved status
162
The division of society into levels, steps or positions
social stratification
163
which refers to the uneven
distribution of opportunities and rewards to individuals and groups.
inequality
164
dimensions of social stratification
wealth, power, prestige
165
the economic assets of an
individual, including income, monetary assets and other holdings
wealth
166
____ argues differentiation in wealth creates social, economic and political inequality.
Marx
167
the capacity of an individual to
influence another person to perform an act that he or she would not do otherwise
power
168
Wealth combined with Power leads to
PRESTIGE
169
level of honor in a society attached
to different groups with reference to the group's occupation
PRESTIGE
170
Position of each individual
influenced by the person's achieved status (your status changes)
open system
171
→ Allows little or no possibility of moving up
→ it's hard to rise but fall fast
closed system
172
The shift in social status or rank of an individual within the frame of a
social structure.
social mobility
173
Movement within same range of prestige; transfer of position to another area but no changes in position
horizontal mobility
174
Movement from one position to another of a different rank
vertical mobility
175
Social position changes within
person's adult life; within the same generation
intragenerational mobility
176
occurs when changes take place from one generation to another
intergenerational mobility
177
Social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
class system
178
Hereditary ranks that are usually religiously dictated and tend to be fixed and immobile
castes
178
Estates(feudalism): Peasants
worked and land leased to them in exchange for military protection and other services
estate system
179
ranking of estate system
king, clergy, nobility, commoners
179
Individuals owned by other people, who treat these human beings as property, just as if they were household pets or appliances.
slavery
180
it refer to alienating or dividing individuals or a group in a certain society
social inequality
181
these have been the basis of social division in the world
race and ethnicity
182
They suffer from social exclusion and discrimination because of their disabilities (hint: Chloe)
person with disabilities (PWD)
183
Violence against women and
children Gender discrimination among LGBTQ
gender inequality
184
It refers to the unequal distribution
of scarce resources and values across territories
global inequality
185
→ There are other factors and
elements to consider in determining social class including power, wealth, and prestige
→ As people acquire more wealth, prestige or popularity, they also acquire more power
→ Ifyouhavemorewealthand prestige, you can pay for services and that is power
→ If you are more popular, you have more power because of the term “influencer” and they can make money.
max weber view
186
capitalist class, owns the means of production
bourgeoisie
186
→ Social relations depend on who controls the primary mode of
production
→ Ang mga mayamanay lalong yumayaman. Ang mga mahihirap na lalong nagpapakahirap ay lalong humihirap.
Karl Marx's view
187
Means of production held largely in private hands and main incentive for economic activity is accumulation of profits
capitalism
188
working class
proletariat
189
→ The main function of stratification is "placing and motivating
individuals in the social structure"
→ Each member has specific roles
and responsibilities to accomplish
→ The more difficult the task is, the more wealth it entails
→ It also believe that unequal
distribution of work among people enables them to exert more effort to achieve their goals
davis and Moore's view
190
Change is a state of becoming
different from the status quo
social change
191
it is in the form of new scientific
knowledge, new beliefs and
additional inventions
innovation
192
It involves the process of
transferring cultural traits and concepts from one human group to the other
diffusion
193
due to societal differences or
inequalities
conflicts
193
The gradual process of culture that allows for the indistinguishable cultural similarity between two different cultural groups.
assimilation
194
non state actors clamor for their rights that are perceived to be held from them by the state
armed conflict
194
is a conflict between two or more ethinic groups
ethnic conflict
195
highly political activities that are
meant to a give a statement to states
act of terrorism
196
acts that violates a norm,
deviance
196
deviance depends on
dependent on time, place, situations, culture
197
who created theory of structural functionalism
emile Durkheim
198
Describe the loss of direction felt in a society when a social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
anomie
199
→ Deviance results when socially approved goals cannot be reached by socially approved means
→ Adapted from their transnotion of anomie to explain why people accept or reject the goals of the society the socially approved means fulfilling their aspirations or goals
strain theory
200
who created the strain theory
Robert Merton
201
Accepting socially approved goals
and the use of legitimate means to
achieve that goal
conformity
202
People reject the importance of
success once they realize that they
will never achieve it
ritualism
203
Withdrawal from society
retreatism
204
People reject and attempt to
change the goals and the means
approved by society
rebellion
205
Crime is most likely to occur in
communities with weak social ties
social disorganization
206
→ These control society
★ Laws, Customs, and Moral
codes
→ Regulates people’s behavior and
actions-ithasequivalent
sanctions
social controls
207
Enforced by family, primary
caregivers, peers, other authority figures like coaches and teachers, and by colleagues
informal social control
207
control Produced and enforced by the
state and representatives of the state that enforce its laws like police, military, and other city, state, and federal agencies
formal social control
208
Penal laws, fines, death
penalty
formal sanction
208
Unfavorable and favorable public opinion, giving or withdrawing of affection, love or friendship; verbal admiration or criticism, reprimands or verbal commendations
informal sanctions
209
tend to have a higher divorce rate
due to financial conflicts.
low incomes
209
are usually matrifocal or single parent and tend to contribute to the financial and social instability of the society.
notallmembersofthisclassare properly educated so there is a problem with roles.
lower class families
210
→ tend to have less kids than lower
class ones although there is more
financial stability
→ They are busy working or getting
rich or they prefer to have fewer children
middle class families
211
→ have an average of one or two
children, thus making most higher
class families nuclear ones.
→ Theyarebusyworkingorgetting
rich or they prefer to have fewer children
high class families
212
4 influences in family structure
industrialization, divorce, class, state benefits
213
occurs when children leave home
empty nest syndrome
214
refers to the factors that are accepted or desired in a society
social desirables
215
deviance depends on 4 things
time, place, situation, culture
216
Deviance involving occasional break of norms that are NOT a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept
primary deviance
217
Deviance in which
individual’s life and identity are organized around
breaking society’s norms
secondary deviance
218
this controlled the people during the 16th century
religion
219
this controls the people during the 21st century
technology
