UCSP Flashcards
1
Q
What is a social group?
A
formed by 2 or more individuals
interacts with and identifies with each other
shares similar characteristics and interests
2
Q
What is being described here?
“formed by 2 or more individuals, interacts with and identifies with each other, shares similar characteristics and interests”
A
social group
3
Q
What are the types of social groups?
A
primary and secondary groups
4
Q
What is a primary group?
A
It is a small social group where members share personal, close and enduring relationships.
5
Q
What is a small social group where members share personal, close and enduring relationships?
A
primary group
6
Q
What are the characteristics of a primary group?
A
personal or intimate relationships
face-to-face communication
permanence
loyalty or “we” feeling
small in size
endures even without FTF communication
7
Q
What group fits the description “personal or intimate relationships”?
A
primary group
8
Q
What group fits the description “face-to-face communication”?
A
primary group
9
Q
What group fits the description “permanence”?
A
primary group
10
Q
What group fits the description “loyalty or “we” feeling”?
A
primary group
11
Q
What group fits the description “small in size”?
A
primary group
12
Q
What group fits the description “endures even without FTF communication”?
A
primary group
13
Q
What is a secondary group?
A
opposite characteristics of a primary group
can be small or large
mostly impersonal / usually short-term
membership depends on shared aspirations or common objectives rather than on family ties or personal relationships
14
Q
What group fits the description “opposite characteristics of a primary group”?
A
secondary group
15
Q
What group fits the description “can be small or large”?
A
secondary group
16
Q
What group fits the description “mostly impersonal / usually short-term”?
A
secondary group
17
Q
What group fits the description “membership depends on shared aspirations or common objectives rather than on family ties or personal relationships”?
A
secondary group
18
Q
What are the characteristics of a secondary group?
A
large or small
indirect communication
members don’t necessarily interact with the group
temporary duration
weak / self-interest based group cohesiveness
19
Q
What group fits the description “large or small”?
A
secondary group
20
Q
What group fits the description “indirect communication”?
A
secondary group
21
Q
What group fits the description “members don’t necessarily interact with the group”?
A
secondary group
22
Q
What group fits the description “temporary duration”?
A
secondary group
23
Q
What group fits the description “weak / self-interest based group cohesiveness”?
A
secondary group
24
Q
What is a reference group?
A
towards forming identity
an individual uses this group that serves as a point of preference in evaluating one’s attitudes and behavior in making decisions
also be called as “identity association group” since their creation is fueled by a person’s desire to provide a character connection
ex. teachers, heroes, celebrities
25
Reference groups are towards forming what?
identity
26
What group is being described here?
"an individual uses this group that serves as a point of preference in evaluating one’s attitudes and behavior in making decisions"
reference groups
27
What group is also called as “identity association group” since their creation is fueled by a person’s desire to provide a character connection?
reference groups
28
Reference groups are also called as “identity association group” because?
their creation is fueled by a person’s desire to provide a character connection
29
Examples of people in this group are teachers, heroes, celebrities.
reference groups
30
What are the types of reference groups?
in-groups
out-groups
31
What are in-groups?
social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs
one feels loyalty and respect for these groups
groups that positively define themselves with members as a point of reference
ex. fraternities
32
What is being described in here?
"social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs
one feels loyalty and respect for these groups
groups that positively define themselves with members as a point of reference
ex. fraternities"
in-groups
33
What group fits the description "an individual feels he or she belongs"?
in-groups
34
What group fits the description "one feels loyalty and respect for these groups"?
in-groups
35
What group fits the description "groups that positively define themselves with members as a point of reference"?
in-groups
36
What are out-groups?
social groups that an individual does not identify with
one feels antagonism and contempt for these groups
those who don’t belong to the in-group are considered as part of the out-group
ex. sports team opponent
37
What is being described in here?
"social groups that an individual does not identify with
one feels antagonism and contempt for these groups
those who don’t belong to the in-group are considered as part of the out-group
ex. sports team opponent"
out-groups
38
What group fits the description "social groups that an individual does not identify with"?
out-groups
39
What group fits the description "one feels antagonism and contempt for these groups"?
out-groups
40
What group fits the description "those who don’t belong to the in-group are considered as part of this"?
out-groups
41
What are social networks?
group of people who have occasional interactions and engage in similar or related task while remaining unknown, unfamiliar, or only slightly familiar with each other
ex. social media sites
42
What is being described here?
"group of people who have occasional interactions and engage in similar or related task while remaining unknown, unfamiliar, or only slightly familiar with each other
ex. social media sites"
social networks
43
What is a family?
most basic social unit
composed of one or more parents and a child or children who typically live together
made up of group of individuals who are linked together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption
44
What is the most basic social unit?
family
45
What is composed of one or more parents and a child or children who typically live together?
family
46
What is made up of group of individuals who are linked together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption?
family
47
What are the types of family?
nuclear
extended
reconstituted
48
What is a nuclear family?
composed of one or two parents and their child or children
can also be called as conjugal family
49
What type of family is composed of one or two parents and their child or children?
nuclear family
50
What type of family is also called conjugal family?
nuclear family
51
What is an extended family?
composed of parents and children, plus other members of their kin
52
What type of family is composed of parents and children, plus other members of their kin?
extended family
53
What is a kin?
group of common ancestry or marriage ties
54
What is a group of common ancestry or marriage ties?
kin
55
What is a reconstituted family?
its members differ from the typical members of a nuclear or an extended family
a prevalence of separated couples with children who remarry
also known as blended family
56
What type of family is being described when its members differ from the typical members of a nuclear or an extended family?
reconstituted family
57
What type of family is a prevalence of separated couples with children who remarry?
reconstituted family
58
What type of family is also known as blended family?
reconstituted family
59
How does Macionis (2012) define kinship?
social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society
formally defined as family ties with social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
60
According to Macionis (2012), what is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society and is formally defined as family ties with social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption?
kinship
61
What is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society?
kinship
62
What is formally defined as family ties with social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption?
kinship
63
What are the types of kinship?
consanguineal
affinal
fictive
64
What is consanguineal kinship?
kinship by blood
most basic and general form of relation
achieved by birth or blood affinity
65
What type of kinship is by blood?
consanguineal kinship
66
What type of kinship is the most basic and general form of relation?
consanguineal kinship
67
What type of kinship is achieved by birth or blood affinity?
consanguineal kinship
68
What type of kinship is being described?
"kinship by blood
most basic and general form of relation
achieved by birth or blood affinity"
consanguineal kinship
69
What are the ways to trace lineage?
matrilineal descent
patrilineal descent
bilateral descent
70
What is matrilineal descent?
unilineal descent that is traced through the female line
both male and female offsprings are considered member but only the daughter can pass their family line
71
What is a unilineal descent that is traced through the female line?
matrilineal descent
72
What type of descent is described when both male and female offsprings are considered member but only the daughter can pass their family line?
matrilineal descent
73
What is patrilineal descent?
both males and females are part of their father’s kin group
only the males pass on to their children their family identity
the woman's children is members of her husband’s patrilineal line
74
What descent is being described when both males and females are part of their father’s kin group?
patrilineal descent
75
What descent is being described when only the males pass on to their children their family identity?
patrilineal descent
76
What descent is being described when the woman's children is members of her husband’s patrilineal line?
patrilineal descent
77
What is bilateral descent?
traced both ancestral lines of mother and father
78
What descent is being described when lineage is traced both ancestral lines of mother and father?
bilateral descent
79
What is affinal kinship?
kinship based on marriage
type of relations developed when a marriage occurs
as marriage is a legal foundation of family that exist in all culture, although there are some varieties
80
What kinship is based on marriage?
affinal kinship
81
What kinship is a type of relations developed when a marriage occurs?
affinal kinship
82
What kinship is being described here?
"as marriage is a legal foundation of family that exist in all culture, although there are some varieties"
affinal kinship
83
What is endogamy?
marriage between members of the same group or category of people, community, village, ethnic, social, or religious groups
84
What term refers to marriage between members of the same group or category of people, community, village, ethnic, social, or religious groups?
endogamy
85
What is exogamy?
marriage of two people coming from different groups or categories
86
What term refers to marriage of two people coming from different groups or categories?
exogamy
87
What is monogamy?
an individual has only one partner
88
What term refers to an individual has only one partner?
monogamy
89
What is polygamy?
having more than one partner or mate
90
What term refers to having more than one partner or mate?
polygamy
91
What term refers to a male who practices polygamy?
polygyny
92
What is polygyny?
a male who practices polygamy
93
What is polyandry?
a female who practices polygamy
94
What term refers to a female who practices polygamy?
polyandry
95
What are the types of post marital residency rules?
neolocal
patrilocal
matrilocal
bilocal
96
What is neolocal residency?
to settle independently and build a home that is independent from the place or near their parents
97
What post marital residency rule refers to settling independently and building a home that is independent from the place or near their parents?
neolocal residency
98
What is patrilocal residency?
married couples stay in the house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband's kin
99
What post marital residency rule refers to married couples stay in the house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband's kin?
patrilocal residency
100
What is matrilocal residency?
married couples stay in the house of the wife’s relatives or near the wife’s kin
101
What post marital residency rule refers to married couples stay in the house of the wife’s relatives or near the wife’s kin?
matrilocal residency
102
What is bilocal residency?
newlywed couple stays with the husband’s relatives and the wife’s kin alternately
103
What post marital residency rule refers to newlywed couple staying with the husband’s relatives and the wife’s kin alternately?
bilocal residency
104
What is a divorce?
court decree that terminates or dissolves the marriage
divorced individuals are given back their single status and may remarry again
105
What is a court decree that terminates or dissolves the marriage?
divorce
106
_____ individuals are given back their single status and may remarry again.
Divorced
107
What is an annulment?
only nullifies the marriage completely as it never happened
a married couple must present a valid grounds to nullify their marriage
108
What nullifies the marriage completely as it never happened?
annulment
109
What requires a married couple to present a valid grounds to nullify their marriage?
annulment
110
What are the grounds for annulment?
bigamy
forced consent
fraud
prohibited by law (incest)
psychological incapacity
inability to consummate marriage
underage marriage
111
What is legal separation?
separation of husband and wife, but unlike divorce and annulment, legally separated couples are not allowed to remarry
112
What is the separation of husband and wife, but unlike divorce and annulment, couples are not allowed to remarry.
legal separation
113
What is fictive kinship?
occurs in several instances such as adoption or religious rituals like baptism (binyag) and confirmation (kumpil)
established in the Philippines and other countries
114
What kinship occurs in several instances such as adoption or religious rituals like baptism (binyag) and confirmation (kumpil)?
fictive kinship
115
What is the compadre system?
compadrazgo or godparenthood
ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family
116
What does compadrazgo mean?
godparenthood
117
What is the ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family?
compadre system?
118
According to the Philippine House of Representatives, what is political dynasty?
two or more individuals who are related within the second degree of consanguinity or those relatives of a person who may be latter’s brother or sister, direct descent, whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half blood, including their spouses” hold elected government position
119
This refers to two or more individuals who are related within the second degree of consanguinity or those relatives of a person who may be latter’s brother or sister, direct descent, whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half blood, including their spouses” hold elected government position.
political dynasty, according to the Philippine House of Representatives
120
Who is Max Weber?
German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist
regarded as among the most important theorists of the development modern Western society
identified the 3 types of authority
121
Who is the German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist regarded as among the most important theorists of the development modern Western society and identified the 3 types of authority?
Max Weber
122
What are the 3 types of authority?
traditional
charismatic
rational-legal
123
What is traditional authority?
synonym of hereditary authority or authority passed through the bloodlines of leaders, as in monarchies
may suffer from a lack of moral regularity in the creation of legal standard
124
What authority is the synonym of hereditary authority or authority passed through the bloodlines of leaders, as in monarchies?
traditional authority
125
What authority may suffer from a lack of moral regularity in the creation of legal standard?
traditional authority
126
Individuals enjoy traditional authority due to?
inheritance
religious beliefs
127
Why do individuals enjoy traditional authority due to inheritance?
certain individuals are granted traditional authority because they are the children or other relatives of people who already exercise traditional authority
128
Why do individuals enjoy traditional authority due to religious beliefs?
their societies believe they are anointed by God or the gods, depending on the society’s religious beliefs, to lead their society
129
What is charismatic authority?
authority is drawn from a leader’s personal charisma
can be problematic because it is somehow based on form of a messianic promise of overhauling an unjust system
ex. dictators and cult leaders
130
What type of authority is drawn from a leader’s personal charisma?
charismatic authority
131
What type of authority can be problematic because it is somehow based on form of a messianic promise of overhauling an unjust system?
charismatic authority
132
What is charisma?
the capacity of a leader to attract and retain loyal and devoted followers through his/her personal quality
133
What is the capacity of a leader to attract and retain loyal and devoted followers through his/her personal quality?
charisma
134
What is rational-legal authority?
authority is drawn from legal and constitutional mandates that are usually agreed upon and/or approved by those who are governed
practiced in many modern democratic countries
makes manifest the power of bureaucracy over individuals
order and systematization are desirable, bureaucracy may not be able to address problems and concerns of everyone
135
What type of authority is drawn from legal and constitutional mandates that are usually agreed upon and/or approved by those who are governed?
rational-legal authority
136
What type of authority is practiced in many modern democratic countries?
rational-legal authority
136
What type of authority makes manifest the power of bureaucracy over individuals?
rational-legal authority
137
What type of authority is being described when order and systematization are desirable, but bureaucracy may not be able to address problems and concerns of everyone?
rational-legal authority
138
What is religion?
human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial reverence
commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate concerns about their lives and their fate after death
collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values
many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe
139
What is the human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial reverence?
religion
140
What is commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate concerns about their lives and their fate after death?
religion
141
What is the collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values?
religion
142
What are the 3 traditional categories of religion?
animism
polytheism
monotheism
143
What is animism?
nature worship or a nature-based
144
According to Eichler (2011), what is animism?
everything has a spirit, trees, birds, rainstorms, and rocks
145
What is Shinto?
the way of kami” (sacred or divine power)
has no founder, no official sacred scriptures in the strict sense, and no fixed dogmas but has preserved its guiding beliefs throughout
146
What is the way of "kami"?
Shinto
147
Shinto is the way of the what?
kami
148
In Shinto, what is kami?
sacred or divine powe
149
What religion has no founder, has no founder, no official sacred scriptures in the strict sense, and no fixed dogmas but has preserved its guiding beliefs throughout?
animism
150
What is an anito?
term used to describe the ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and deities that are worshipped by the indigenous people
151
What is the term used to describe the ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and deities that are worshipped by the indigenous people?
anito
152
What is polytheism?
emphasizes belief in the existence of multiple spiritual deities
ex. Hinduism, Buddhism
153
What emphasizes belief in the existence of multiple spiritual deities?
polytheism
154
What does "poly" mean?
many
155
What is monotheism?
only one all-powerful god exists
conceive of Deity as omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent and active in governance and organization of society
ex. Judaism, Islam, Christianity
156
What religions believes that only one all-powerful god exists?
monotheism
157
What religion conceive of Deity as omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent and active in governance and organization of society?
monotheism
158
This religion believes that Jesus is not the messiah for the messiah is not yet here.
Judaism
159
This religion’s god is named Yahweh.
Judaism
160
What is the name of the god in Judaism?
Yahweh
161
What religious book is used in Judaism?
Torah
162
What is the term for the priest in Judaism?
Rabbi
163
What do you call people who are followers of Judaism?
Jew
164
What do you call the house of worship in Judaism?
synagogue
165
What do you call the symbol used in Judaism?
Star of David
166
What is the name of the god in Islam?
Allah
167
What is the term for the place of worship in Islam?
mosque
168
What is the religious book used in Islam?
Quran
169
What do you call people who believe or followers of Islam?
Muslims
170
What is the name of the prophet in Islam?
Muhammad
171
What do you call the supreme being in Christianity?
God
172
Who is the prophet in Christianity?
Jesus
173
What is the place of worship in Christianity?
church / chapel
174
What is the religious book used in Christianity?
Holy Bible
175
What do you call followers of Christianity?
Christians
176
What are institutionalized religions?
formal and organized structure of a religious belief system
typically characterized by established doctrines, rituals, clergy, and hierarchical leadership
177
What is a formal and organized structure of a religious belief system?
institutionalized religions
178
What is typically characterized by established doctrines, rituals, clergy, and hierarchical leadership?
institutionalized religions
179
What are the characteristics of institutionalized religions?
wide scale religious clout
hierarchical leadership and membership
codified rituals
180
What is wide scale religious clout?
the number of individuals affiliated with this religious institution is immense that it crosses political and international borders and cuts across social status
181
What is being referred to when the number of individuals affiliated with this religious institution is immense that it crosses political and international borders and cuts across social status?
wide scale religious clout
182
What is hierarchical leadership and membership?
decisions for the welfare of religious group are also made by those who hold power while members are expected to follow them
183
What is being referred to when decisions for the welfare of religious group are also made by those who hold power while members are expected to follow them?
hierarchical leadership and membership
184
Enumerate the hierarchy of the Catholic Church from highest ranking to the lowest.
pope
cardinals
archbishops
bishops
priests
deacons
laity
185
Who is the leader of the Catholic Church?
pope
186
Who are the leading bishops and members of the college of cardinals?
cardinal
187
Who is the archdiocese who oversees the large areas of churches?
archbishops
188
Who is the ministers who hold the full sacrament of holy orders?
bishops
189
Who is a a baptized man who has received the Sacrament of Holy Orders?
priests
190
Who is ordained minister of the Catholic Church?
deacons
191
Members of the same _____ belong to the same religion and reap the same benefits through living a life of faith and devotion as do members of the clergy.
laity
192
What are codified rituals?
processes of interacting with the divine
fellow members are guided by written rules and regulations
religious groups follow their doctrines, rules and regulations by means of their holy books (Bible for the Christians, Qur'an for the Muslims, Vedas for the Hindus, and Tripitaka for Buddhists)
193
These refers to processes of interacting with the divine wherein fellow members are guided by written rules and regulations.
codified rituals
194
What religious book is used in Hindu?
Vedas
195
What religious book is used in Buddhism?
Tripitaka
196
What law states that the separation of Church and State shall be inviolable?
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines Article II, Sec. 6
197
What does The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines Article II, Sec. 6 contain?
The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
198
What is health?
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
one of many human rights that is prioritized by the state through providing health services
such services rely on both Western, Traditional, and Alternative Healing systems in countries such as the Philippines
199
What is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?
health
200
What is one of many human rights that is prioritized by the state through providing health services?
health
201
What services rely on both Western, Traditional, and Alternative Healing systems in countries such as the Philippines?
health
202
What is the Western Healing System?
the modern day practice of the medical world
typically referred to as medical science
treatment is usually diagnosed by doctors and nurses
surgery is well-known forefront on Western Medicine
203
What is the modern day practice of the medical world?
Western Healing System
204
What is typically referred to as medical science?
Western Healing System
205
In this type of system, treatment is usually diagnosed by doctors and nurses.
Western Healing System
206
Surgery is well-known forefront in this system.
Western Healing System
207
What is the Traditional Healing System?
the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences of indigenous to different cultures
most cases of countries who use traditional healing can be found in some parts of Africa and Asia
acupuncture, herbalism, Chinese medicine, and rubs are some of its examples
208
What is the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences of indigenous to different cultures?
Traditional Healing System
209
Most cases of countries who use this system can be found in some parts of Africa and Asia
Traditional Healing System
210
Most cases of countries who use traditional healing can be found in some parts of _____ and _____.
Africa and Asia
211
Acupuncture, herbalism, Chinese medicine, and rubs are some of its examples.
Traditional Healing System
212
What is the Alternative Healing System?
incorporates culture-specific discourses or culture-bound syndrome related to illnesses
213
What incorporates culture-specific discourses or culture-bound syndrome related to illnesses?
Alternative Healing System
214
Describe healthcare in the Philippines.
decentralized health delivery system and headed by DOH
develops national plans, technical standards, and healthcare guidelines for all Filipinos
the Philippine healthcare system is shared between the public and private sectors
the pandemic allowed hospitals to upgrade and increase their facilities to cope with the situation
215
Decentralized health delivery system and headed by DOH.
healthcare in the Philippines
216
Develops national plans, technical standards, and healthcare guidelines for all Filipinos.
healthcare in the Philippines
217
The Philippine healthcare system is shared between the public and private sectors.
healthcare in the Philippines
218
The pandemic allowed hospitals to upgrade and increase their facilities to cope with the situation.
healthcare in the Philippines
219
According to the Psychiatric Times, culture bound syndrome is?
local ways of explaining any of a wide assortment of misfortunes
in a cultural setting in which there is a particular folk illness, both the experience and the behaviors of the ill person will be shaped by that patient's understanding of that illness
220
What are local ways of explaining any of a wide assortment of misfortunes?
culture bound syndrome defined by the Psychiatric Times
221
In a cultural setting in which there is a particular folk illness, both the experience and the behaviors of the ill person will be shaped by that patient's understanding of that illness
culture bound syndrome defined by the Psychiatric Times
222
Culture-Specific Discourses / Culture-Bound Syndrome
bales / usog / buyag
binat / bughat / relapse
lihi
223
bales / usog / buyag
binat / bughat / relapse
lihi
Culture-Specific Discourses / Culture-Bound Syndrome
224
What is bales / usog / buyag?
Filipino belief that is to be caused by an admiring or complimentary greeting by a stranger or visitor like: “Your hair looks nice." or "You look good today." or "The baby looks cute.”
believed that the pain is caused by an evil eye (masamang mata) or who brings an evil wind (masamang hangin) or a hex
verbal antidote is to say “Puwera usog”
225
What is the Filipino belief that is to be caused by an admiring or complimentary greeting by a stranger or visitor like: “Your hair looks nice." or "You look good today." or "The baby looks cute.”?
bales / usog / buyag
226
What is believed that the pain is caused by an evil eye (masamang mata) or who brings an evil wind (masamang hangin) or a hex?
bales / usog / buyag
227
In here, the verbal antidote is to say “Puwera usog”
bales / usog / buyag
228
What is the antidote to bales / usog / buyag?
the verbal antidote is to say “Puwera usog”
229
Where are the words bales / usog / buyag from?
Quezon - Bales, Filipino - Usog, Visayas - Buyag
230
What is binat / bughat / relapse?
occurs when someone is recovering from illness but gets sick again shortly after or even during the recovery period (Unilab 2019)
occurs also when a mother experiences after giving birth or after suffering from an abortion or miscarriage if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth
in Filipino culture, binat can only be beaten through ample pahinga or rest period
231
According to Unilab (2019), what occurs when someone is recovering from illness but gets sick again shortly after or even during the recovery period?
binat / bughat / relapse
232
What occurs when a mother experiences after giving birth or after suffering from an abortion or miscarriage if she did not follow certain rituals after childbirth?
binat / bughat / relapse
233
What is the antidote for binat / bughat / relapse?
through ample pahinga or rest period
234
In here, the antidote is ample pahinga or rest period.
binat / bughat / relapse
235
What is lihi?
conception or maternal cravings'
the strong and obsessive craving of a pregnant woman for a particular food or object which can result in her child resembling the what she has craved for
236
What is the conception or maternal cravings?
lihi
237
What is the strong and obsessive craving of a pregnant woman for a particular food or object which can result in her child resembling the what she has craved for?
lihi
238
What is pasma?
hot and cold syndrome
rapid shifts from hot to cold lead to illness
warm environment is essential to maintain optimal health
cold drinks or food should be avoided in the morning
an overheated body (as in childbirth or fever) is vulnerable; and a heated body or muscles can get "shocked" when cooled suddenly
239
What is hot and cold syndrome?
pasma
240
What happens when one undergoes rapid shifts from hot to cold lead to illness?
pasma
241
What happens when an overheated body (as in childbirth or fever) is vulnerable; and a heated body or muscles can get "shocked" when cooled suddenly?
pasma
242
What are personalistic causes?
attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings such as an evil spirit, witch, or mangkukulam
healer or priest, anting-anting for counter and protection
243
What is attributed to social punishment or retribution by supernatural beings such as an evil spirit, witch, or mangkukulam?
personalistic causes
244
In here, healer or priest, or anting-anting is used to counter and protection
personalistic causes
245
