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Advanced Cell Signalling > Ubiquitin Signalling (2) > Flashcards

Ubiquitin Signalling (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types pf DUBs?

A

Metallo

Thiol

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2
Q

Name the family of metallo DUBs

A

JAMM

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3
Q

Name the families of thiol DUBs

A 
UCH
OTU 
USP 
Josephin 
MINDY 
ZUP1
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4
Q

What are metallo DUBs?

A

They have a metal ion at its catalytic site

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5
Q

What are thiol DUBs?

A

Use a cysteine based mechanism to cleave Ub chains

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6
Q

What are the functions of DUBs?

A

To process precursors to generate pre-Ub
To recycle Ub
Cleave Ub off substrates and complexes

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7
Q

why is Ub recycled?

A

It is a stable compound and therefore requires a lot of energy to degrade it so it is cleaved off by the DUBs and recycled back into the cellular pool of Ubs

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8
Q

What happens if the cellular pool of Ubs is too low?

A

It is toxic to the cell

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9
Q

How do cancer therapies manipulate the Ub cellular pool and why?

A

they inhibit the proteasome -> proteasomic stress -> stop the degradation of proteins -> deplete the cellular pool of Ub
This toxicity induces cell death

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10
Q

What is the subcellular location of DUBs?

A

Is very dynamic, they need to be with the protein which needs to be cleaved
Some sit at the mitochondria and regulate mitophagy

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11
Q

What do DUBs have to discriminate between?

A

Ub and Ub-like modifiers

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12
Q

What does USP21 cleave and how does it discriminate

A

Ub and Ub-like modifier, ISG15
It binds to the C-terminal tail and recognises the conserved arginine
Nedd8 has an alanine here so is not recognised but ISG15 has an arginine and therefore is

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13
Q

What are the 2 ways for DUBs to cleave and what are each of the DUBs called?

A

ExoDUB - cleaves the chain from one end down to the substrate
Endocleavage - It cleaves the middle of the chain

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14
Q

What is fasted form of cleavage?

A

Endocleavage

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15
Q

What do distal Ub bind to?

A

S1 or S2

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16
Q

What does the proximal Ub bind to?

A

S1’ or S2’

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17
Q

Where is the distal Ub located?

A

At the N terminus

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18
Q

Where is the proximal Ub located?

A

At the C-terminus

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19
Q

What is the binding sites like of those which have Ub linkage specificity

A

They will have a defined S1 site but not a defined S1’ site

20
Q

Which DUBs have Ub linkage specificity?

A

OTU
JAMM
Josephin
MINDY

21
Q

Which DUBs have substrate or sequence specificity?

A

Ubp8 (SAGA)

22
Q

What DUBs have nonspecificity?

A

USP

UCH

23
Q

What are the defined S1’ Ub binding sites?

A

Ub-assisted catalysis
Conformational dynamics
S1’ site on UBD in cis
S1’ site on UBD in trans

24
Q

What additional Ub-binding sites are there?

A

S2 site on catalytic domain
Additional UBD on cis
S2’ site on catalytic domain

25
Q

What are the three components of the catalytic thiol?

A

Catalytic cysteine
A histidine
A negatively charged asparagine or aspartate usually

26
Q

What is the catalytic mechanism for Cys DUBs?

A

Cysteine causes a nucleophilic attack -> forms a negatively charged tetrahedral intermediate -> stabilised by an oxyanion hole -> hydrolysis and release of one of the Ub -> formation of a second acyl enzyme intermediate -> deactylation (water attack) -> form a tetrahedral intermediate -> distal Ub release

27
Q

What is the catalytic mechanism of metallo DUBs?

A

Hydroxyl group of water molecule will induce a nucleophillic attack on a carbon-carbon between the two Ub -> Tetrahedral intermediate -> collapse of intermediate -> release the two Ub -> regeneration of Apo state (regenerate the catalytic site)

28
Q

What are the 3 components in metallo DUB catalytic site?

A

Znc
Negatively charged residue
Histidine

29
Q

Name a DUB which uses an E3 ligase to induce degradation

A

E20

30
Q

How does E20 induce degradation

A

It cleaves K63 linked chains (which have a positive signal) so that there is only 1 Ub left on the substrate -> E3 ligase will add more Ub in a K48 linkage so that it is targeted for degradation

31
Q

What are pseudo DUBs?

A

DUBs which have lost their catalytic function

32
Q

What is the role of pseudo DUBs?

A

They bind to the Ub and prevent its cleavage - therefore protecting the cleavage

33
Q

How are DUBs regulated?

A

Post translational modifications
Regulation at the transcription or translation level
Some only work in complexes
Auto-processes - can proteolyse itself and therefore inactivate itself
Allosteric activation
Scaffold proteins
Oxidation

34
Q

What post translational modifications can regulate DUBs?

A

Sometimes need phosphorylation in their catalytic site to be activated
Some get ubiquitylated and therefore inhibited
Some are SUMOylated and activated

35
Q

How are DUBs regulated by oxidation?

A

Under oxidising conditions, the thiol turns into a sulphuric acid and inhibits it
Reversible

36
Q

How are DUBs regulated by scaffold proteins?

A

Some proteins have different functions depending on what other protein they bind to

37
Q

Give an example of a DUB which is regulated by scaffold proteins

A

UCH-L5

38
Q

How is UCH-L5 regulated by scaffold proteins?

A

If it is bound to Rpn13 via a DEUBAD domain it activates the proteasome
If it binds to a INO80G complex via the DEUBAD domain, UCH-L5 is inhibited

39
Q

What is the degradation cycle of the proteasome?

A

Ub signal is recognised by Ub-binding receptors on the lid of the RP subunit -> unstructured region of the peptide bind to the ATPase -> pulls peptide through the whole particle -> Ub is cleaved by DUBs -> released back into the Ub cellular pool

40
Q

What are ubiquitin receptors?

A

Proteins which are located at the proteasome but have a recognition site for Ub so they can bring the ubiquitylated protein to the proteasome

41
Q

Give an example of a Ub receptor

A

DSK2

42
Q

Name 3 DUBs which sit at the proteosome

A

UCH-37
Rpn11
USP14

43
Q

Which is the last enzyme to see the peptide before it goes into the catalytic core of the proteosome?

A

Rpn11

44
Q

How and what is the role of Rpn11?

A

To cleave the last Ub
When the peptide is being pulled through by the ATPase, Rpn11 binds to the Ub -> causes a conformational change in Insert-1 -> activation and therefore cleavage of Ub

45
Q

Why is it important to have a DUB which is inactive until the peptide has reached the catalytic core?

A

Reaching the catalytic core is time consuming and therefore if you release it at the beginning it will not reach the core and the peptide will be released back into the cell and not degraded

46
Q

What therapeutic technique is being exploited in neurodegenerative diseases?

A

Inhibit DUBs at the proteasome so the peptide has more of a change to reach the catalytic core and be degraded

47
Q

What cancer is proteasomal inhibition currently in clinical trials for?

A

Multiple myeloma

Advanced Cell Signalling (12 decks)

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