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Bio 30 > UA - Nervous System > Flashcards

UA - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system (PNS)

A

coordinates incoming & outgoing info; consists of the brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves that carry info to & from CNS (muscles, organs, skin –> brain or spinal cord)

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3
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscles, bones, & skin; within the PNS

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4
Q

automatic nervous system

A

contains special motor nerves that control internal organs (heart, lungs, digestion, etc.); within the PNS

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5
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

helps the body respond to stress; part of the automatic nervous system

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6
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps the body return to normal state; part of the automatic nervous system

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7
Q

glial cells

A

nonconducting cells that are important for structural support & metabolism of nerve cells
-eg// Schwann cells & oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that conduct nerve impulses

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9
Q

dendrites

A

receive info & carry impulses –> cell body

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10
Q

cell body

A

conducts signal from dendrites –> axon; location of the nucleus in neurons

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11
Q

axon

A

carries nerve impulses away from cell body
-the thicker it is, the faster it transmits impulses

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12
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulated covering over the axon of a nerve cell; prevents loss of charged ions from nerve cells

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13
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

regularly occurring gaps b/n sections of myelin sheath along the axon; allow signals to be transmitted along a neuron faster

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14
Q

axon terminals

A

part of neuron that interacts w/ the next neuron or structure that will perform a response

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

type of glial cell that wraps around an axon in the PNS to act as an insulator
-a fatty phospholipid

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16
Q

neurilemma

A

delicate membrane that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells to promote regeneration of damaged axons
-formed by Schwann cells

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17
Q

white matter

A

nerves within the brain that are myelinated

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18
Q

grey matter

A

nerves within the brain & spinal cord that are not myelinated

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19
Q

sensory neurons (afferent)

A

neurons that carry impulses from the environment –> CNS

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20
Q

sensory receptors

A

highly modified dendrites of a sensory neuron that = activated by an environmental stimulus

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21
Q

ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS

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22
Q

interneurons (association neurons)

A

neurons of the CNS that connect w/ sensory, motor, & other interneurons
-do not exist in the PNS

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23
Q

motor neurons (efferent)

A

neurons that carry impulses from CNS –> effector

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24
Q

effectors

A

cells or organs that produce a physiological response when stimulated by a nerve impulse

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25
oligodendrocytes
glial cells in the CNS that produce the myelin sheath
26
why can't nerves in the CNs be repaired in most cases?
because CNS neurons do not have neurilemmas
27
reflex arc
neural circuit through the spinal cord that provides a framework for a reflex action
28
pathway for a reflex arc
stimulus --> sensory receptors --> spinal cord --> sensory neuron --> interneuron --> motor neuron --> effector *all occurs before info travels to the brain
29
action potential
voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when the nerve is excited
30
resting potential
voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when it's not transmitting a nerve impulse -usually ~ -70mV
31
ion balance at resting potential
high [K+] inside cell & high [Na+] outside cell
32
gated ion channel
pore in cell membrane that allows ions to move in & out of the cell by opening & closing -specific to particular ions -in cell membranes, = more for K+ than for Na+
33
sodium potassium pump
transporter in cell membrane that moves K+ into cytoplasm while moving Na+ out of cytoplasm -pumps 3 Na+ ions out & 2 K+ ions in ==> 3:2 charge ratio
34
step 1 of action potential - depolarization
stimulus --> neuron --> Na+ channels open & K+ channels close ==> Na+ rushes into cell by diffusion & charge attraction **rapid influx of Na+ reverses the charge on both sides of the membrane (inside of cell becomes positive)
35
step 2 of action potential - repolarization
Na+ channels close & K+ channels open ==> K+ diffuses out of cell ==> outside of cell becomes positive again
36
step 3 of action potential - hyperpolarization
K+ channels close slowly ==> inside of nerve cell membrane has a greater negative charge than the resting membrane -caused by excessive diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell
37
step 4 of action potential - refractory period
sodium-potassium pump restores condition of resting membrane by transporting Na+ out of cell & K+ into cell
38
refractory period
recovery time before a neuron can produce another action potential -necessary b/c K+ ions & Na+ ions are on opposite sides of the membrane relative to where they started
39
saltatory conduction
generation of action potentials only @ nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons, which ==> rapid transmission of nerve impulses -myelin sheath acts as insulator, preventing leaking of ions across axon membrane -gated ions = concentrated @ nodes of Ranvier -action potentials have to "jump" from node to node
40
threshold level
minimum level of a stimulus required to produce a response
41
all-or-none response
neurons either fire maximally or not at all; increasing the intensity of a stimulus already above the threshold value will not ==> increased response
42
how is intensity of stimuli detected?
-different neurons have different threshold levels -the brain interprets the number of neurons excited as well as the freq. of impulses
43
synapse (synaptic cleft)
region b/n neurons or b/n neurons & effectors
44
neurotransmitters
chem. messengers released by presynaptic neuron that binds to receptors on postsynaptic neuron -contained by small vesicles in small end plates of axons
45
pathway of neurotransmitter release
impulse along axon --> neurotransmitters released from endplate --> leaves presynaptic neuron --> diffuses across synapse --> depolarization of postsynaptic neuron dendrites during binding
46
presynaptic neuron
neuron that carries impulse to synapse
47
postsynaptic neuron
neuron that carries impulse away from synapse
48
speed of neurotransmitter diffusion
speed = slow; transmission for neuron --> neuron = slower than action potential travelling down neuron
49
acetylcholine
excitatory neurotransmitter that makes postsynaptic membrane more permeable to Na+ ions; can ==> skeletal muscle contraction
50
effects of continued presence of acetylcholine in synapses
constant depolarization of postsynaptic neuron ==> no recovery to respond to another impulse
51
cholinesterase
enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
52
inhibitory neurotransmitter
make postsynaptic neurons more permeable to potassium ==> hyperpolarization & no action potentials
53
summation
effect produced by accumulation of neurotransmitters from 2 or more neurons
54
ligand-gated ion channels
involved in synaptic transmission
55
voltage-gated ion channels
involved in action potential
56
effect of excitatory signal
increases the chance of a neuron firing -triggers Na+ --> into cell (==> depolarization)
57
effect of inhibitory signal
decreases the chance of a neuron firing (==> hyperpolarization)
58
norepinephrine
an excitatory & inhibitory NT; can ==> increased heart rate & BP, release of glucose, & increased blood flow to muscles
59
dopamine
excitatory NT that affects voluntary movement and emotions
60
serotonin
inhibitory NT that can cause drowsiness
61
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
inhibitory NT that affects motor behaviour
62
temporal summation
high frequency stimulation by 1 presynaptic neuron
63
spatial summation
simultaneous stimulation by multiple presynaptic neurons
64
cerebrospinal fluid
cushioning fluid that circulates b/n innermost & middle membranes of the brain & spinal cord; acts as a shock absorber & transport medium
65
spinal cord
carries sensory nerve messages from receptors --> brain & relays motor nerve messages from brain --> effector (sensory neurons --> brain & motor neurons in brain --> effector)
66
location of white matter in the CNS
in periphery & spinal cord
67
location of grey matter in the CNS
in centre of cord & periphery of brain
68
dorsal root
brings sensory info --> spinal cord
69
ventral root
carries motor info from spinal cord --> effectors
70
structures of the forebrain
cerebrum, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus, & olfactory bulbs
71
cerebrum
largest & most highly dev'd part of human brain; stores sensory info & initiates voluntary motor activities ***mainly speech, reasoning, memory, & personality -contains 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
72
cerebral cortex
outer layer of cerebral hemispheres; composed of grey matter -contains fissures which increase S.A.
73
frontal lobe
responsible for memory, personality, inhibition & control, and voluntary muscle mvmt
74
temporal lobe
hearing & speech
75
parietal lobe
temperature, touch, & taste
76
occipital lobe
vision
77
thalamus
coordinates & interprets sensory info; directs info to cerebrum
78
hypothalamus
area of the brain that coordinates many nerve & hormone functions; helps maintain internal equilibrium
79
olfactory bulbs
process info about smell; one in each hemisphere
80
structures of the hind brain
cerebellum, pons, & medulla oblongata
81
cerebellum
largest in hindbrain; controls limb movements, balance, & muscle tone
82
pons
relay station; sends nerve messages between cerebellum & medulla
83
medulla oblongata
joins spinal cord to cerebellum; controls involuntary muscle action (automatic nerve control)
84
sensory-somatic system
part of the PNS; brings info about external environ --> CNS & sends info back to skeletal muscles -under voluntary control excluding reflex arc (involuntary)
85
automatic nervous system
part of the PNS; brings info about body's internal environ --> CNS & carries signals back to regulate internal environ. -under involuntary control (controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, internal organs, & glands) -contains two other sections
86
sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body for stress
87
parasympathetic nervous system
returns the body to normal after adjustments to stress
88
vagus nerve
major cranial nerve in PSNS

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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