UA- General info & Macroscopic

Question 1

Is a UA diagnostic?

Answer 1

NO it can only be used for screening

Question 2

What is urine?

Answer 2

continuously formed ultra-filtrate of plasma

Question 3

How much urine is produced a day? By filtering how much plasma a day?

Answer 3

1000-1800 mL of urine a day from 170,000 mL of filtered plasma

Question 4

Where does secretion into filtrate occur? Where does concentration of urine occur?

Answer 4

Secretions from PCT

Concentration happens in Loop of Henle, Distal tubules & collecting ducts

Question 5

What are factors which will affect urine formation? (5)

Answer 5

BP, ADH, acid-base balance, fluid balance, nutrient intake

Question 6

Urine is mostly made up of what?

Answer 6

urea!

Question 7

UA reveals information about what 5 things?

Answer 7

1. kidney & liver fxn
2. metabolic processes
3. infectious disease
4. nutritional status
5. occult (hidden) disease

Question 8

What 6 sx that a pt presents with would lead you to do a UA?

Answer 8

1. abdominal pain
2. back pain
3. dysuria
4. urinary frequency
5. urinary urgency
6. hematuria

Question 9

Do you do a UA every visit to the doc? If yes or no then when specifically?

Answer 9

• Routine monitoring for pts with: chronic real dx, liver dx, high BP, DM/DI
• family hx of renal disease
• pregnancy
• annual for young child/baby

Question 10

What urine is the best? How long can urine be stored for?

Answer 10

Freshly voided urine, preferably first morning void (mostly unlikely though); need to test w/in an hour or can be kept in fridge for up to 4 hours; want CCMS

Question 11

What are alternative ways to collect a urine sample?

Answer 11

bagged specimen (pediatric), suprapubic aspiration or catheritization

Question 12

What void is the most concentrated and what will it have the most of? The least of?

Answer 12

First morning void is the most concentrated; most concentrated in protein, bilirubin, nitrites & measures ability to concentrate urine; least of casts b/c deteriorate in bladder overnight

Question 13

What are the 10 tests on a dipstick?

Answer 13

glucose, bilirubin, ketone, SG, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite & leukocytes

Question 14

What are the macroscopic tests on a UA?

Answer 14

color, clarity and odor

Question 15

What is the normal color of urine?

Answer 15

pale to straw yellow

Question 16

What does red or red-brown urine indicate?

Answer 16

hematuria: intact RBCs in urine
hemoglobinuria: lysed RBCs in urine
beets, rhubarb

Question 17

What does orange or amber urine indicate?

Answer 17

bilirubinuria: jaundice

Question 18

What does green urine indicate?

Answer 18

infection

Question 19

What does brown-black urine indicate?

Answer 19

melanin

Question 20

What does colorless urine indicate?

Answer 20

very dilute: DM, DI, overhydration

Question 21

What does bright yellow urine indicate?

Answer 21

riboflavin (B2)

Question 22

What does cloudy urine indicate?

Answer 22

WBCs, bacteria, amorphous urates, amorphous phosphates, epi cells

Question 23

What does hazy urine indicate?

Answer 23

mucus, protein

Question 24

What does milky urine indicate?

Answer 24

fat/lipids

Question 25

What does smoky urine indicate?

Answer 25

RBCs

Question 26

What is sweet or fruity urine indicative of?

Answer 26

uncontrolled diabetes

Question 27

What is foul or pungent urine indicative of?

Answer 27

bacterial infection

Question 28

What is must urine indicative of?

Answer 28

phenlketouria

Question 29

What is fruity/grape juice urine indicative of?

Answer 29

pseudomonas infection

Question 30

What is maple syrup urine indicative of?

Answer 30

maple syrup urine disease