U6 Flashcards
1
Q
The Club of Rome (1972) published Limits to Growth, wherein they showed the results of a computer simulation that forecasted?
A
the possible collapse of the ecosystem.
2
Q
The book addressed the need for sustainable economic development. Several years later, in
—————, the United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development provided?
A
1987
the first definition of sustainable development.
3
Q
Sustainable development
A
This “social and productive development [takes] place within the limits set by ‘nature’ and meets the needs of the present without compromising those of the future generation within a worldwide equitable redistribution of resources”
4
Q
also drew attention to?
A
the required fundamental challenge of social equity and cohesion.
5
Q
In 2015, the UN published the 2030 Agenda for?
A
Sustainable Development and 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals.
6
Q
Every organization is affected by ?
A
the issue of sustainability, and it is a topic that society must work on together. Sustainability requires society and markets to change, and both need to be prepared for it.
7
Q
This change needs to——————————— of society to be effective. The social systems in these markets need to be ——————-carefully. If sustainability continues to work according to the principle “————————————” it is not likely to work out in the long run.
A
take place in every aspect
coordinated
pain but no gain,
8
Q
This unit defines sustainability in ?
A
==the context of engineering
==and provides examples of sustainability in engineering.
9
Q
The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early ——————-and affected all corners of the world, has intensified discussions concerning—————————————————————————————————————————- and overall concerns of sustainability.
A
2020
health, business, industry, education, law enforcement, pollution reduction,
10
Q
In the past decade, there have been environmental pressures from?
A
many stakeholders, particularly end customers and local laws, to conduct research addressing sustainable development.
11
Q
Rather than follow economic rationality and continue the principle of economic efficiency, it is proposed that?
A
the economy should become sustainable. It should be transformed to become more fair and ethical, so that humans can develop in harmony with nature.
12
Q
The analysis of how much water and energy is needed to raise cattle to produce steak is?
A
an example of an issue that concerns sustainability.
13
Q
Badiru and Agustiady (2021, p. 10) illustrate how complex and diverse the issue of sustainability is and list the following areas of sustainability:
A
environmental,
operational, energy,
health and welfare,
safety and security,
market,
financial,
economic,
health,
family,
and social.
14
Q
Clearly, this long list covers many more issues than environmental concerns. Instead,?
A
the diverse topics indicate that every human endeavor is affected
by sustainability and needs to be managed with this view in mind
15
Q
Sustainability has increasingly been an issue in the engineering and business contexts, mainly because of ?
A
environmental and social factors.
16
Q
Technological progress has been enormous in the past decades. Organizations made a lot of money “at the expense of?
A
our gullibility and environmental integrity”.
17
Q
Badiru and Agustiady (2021) present the following definition of sustainability in the context of?
A
industrial engineering: “Industrial engineers make systems function better together with less waste,
better quality,
fewer resources,
and on target with goals,
objectives,
and requirements”
18
Q
In production, natural resources have been replaced by ?
A
artificially created ones.
19
Q
Wood has been replaced by —————-. Glass has been exchanged for —————-. Instead of cotton, —————-is used to produce T-shirts. To produce perfume, ———————————- are created instead of using fermented flower extract, and markers have replaced ————-.
A
plastic
PVC
polyester
artificial smells
chalk
20
Q
Not all alternatives last as long as ?
A
the original resource.
21
Q
Some plastic parts, for example, :
A
can break more easily than wooden parts and, consequently, quality issues can arise.
22
Q
The aspect of quality has had an impact particularly on/
A
manufacturing and service systems.
23
Q
Firms are held liable when products are —————. Litigation and regulation of environmental and social factors has —————.
A
defective
increased
24
Q
Here, firms are required to?
A
deliver consistent performance in the long run, which has an impact on quality.
25
Badiru and Agustiady (2021) propose that?
“sustainability requires methodological, scientific, and analytical rigor.
26
“sustainability requires methodological, scientific, and analytical rigor to make it effective for ?
managing human activities and resources”
27
Consistency can be achieved through?
stable processes and continuous statistical control.
28
A good performance, knowledge about customer requirements, and satisfaction means that?
there are fewer defects and less waste which, in turn, improve the environmental and economical sustainability of the firm.
29
Because tools exist that assure high levels of ?
in essence, that quality and sustainability are related to each other. Al-Aomar and Al-Shehhi (2020, p. 1) note that the quality of the system and the quality of the components are especially important, e.g., the efficiency of clean power generated in renewable energy projects.
consistency and a steady long-term performance in engineering systems, defects can be reduced.
30
Because tools exist that assure high levels of consistency and a steady long-term performance in engineering systems, defects can be reduced. This means,
in essence, that quality and sustainability are related to each other.
31
Al-Aomar and Al-Shehhi note that the quality of the system and the quality of the components are especially important, e.g.,?
the efficiency of clean power generated in renewable energy projects.
32
The environmental management systems standard based on?
ISO 14001
33
2015 and the health and safety management standard based on?
ISO 18001 are quality norms that link to system sustainability.
34
Research by Savino and Mazza (2014) proposes that environmental and quality audits should be?
linked to ensure continuous improvement processes and sustainability.
35
They developed a framework that integrates?
environmental management systems (EMS) into quality management systems
(QMS, which are typically ISO 9001 certified).
36
Other authors also propose designing and developing a system that?
combines processes concerning environmental (EMS, based on ISO 14001:2015)
and health and safety (ISO, 2018a) into Decision Support System in Environment,
Health,
and Safety Management Systems
37
Whereas sustainable design has been an issue in product development before, sustainable design has now been expanded to?
larger engineering systems like power plants.
38
Instead of reducing sustainability to waste and resources, it can be linked to?
the triple bottom line (TBL) when looking from a systems perspective
39
Triple bottom line
This is the view that sustainability is linked to economic, environmental, and social aspects.
40
A system is “a collection of interrelated elements working together synergistically to achieve?
a set of objectives”.
41
Projects can be viewed as a system, in which activities, people, resources, tools, and processes are combined to?
achieve a common goal.
42
From a systems view perspective, sustainability helps to improve the work situation for?
people and to increase the likelihood of a project’s success.
43
Systems engineering
This is the application of engineering to solutions of a multifaceted problem through a systematic collection and integration of parts of the problem with respect to the lifecycle of the problem.
44
Systems engineering is:
a branch of engineering in which complex systems are developed, used, or implemented
45
A systems approach toward sustainability in engineering benefits everyone because ?
there are clear processes for designing, developing, and executing sustainability initiatives in education, industry, business, and government.
46
It therefore includes:
the involvement of all stakeholders of sustainability.
47
Badiru (2019, p. 142—148) proposes the use of the ----------------------for system engineering.
DEJI model
48
According to the author, the idea of DEJI to produce successful products is to incorporate quality into the product design process right from the beginning:
----“D” stands for “design,” and when a product is designed, the feasibility of the design, as well as the maintainability, should be evaluated. The proposed technique therefore is called state-space transformation, which tracks the product evolution from concept stage to final product stage and considers input, transformation, and output.
49
-------“E” stands for “evaluation,” and refers to the consideration of scalability and expandability of the product. Particularly important here is whether the product meets the desired requirements, as well as cost, quality, and the schedule.
50
------------The “J,” justification, should be based on quantitative parameters, e.g., to assess the modularity and desirability of the product. The firm could assess product-related attributes like quality, modularity, reliability, interchangeability, and efficiency, or product indicators, like market share, safety, and design functionality.
51
--------------“I” refers to “integration” of the system elements, e.g., concerning information interfaces, physical interfaces, and resources based on the set functional goals.
52
image
53
The authors suggest that the DEJI model helps to?
align product technology and future development needs.
54
The firm should apply existing analytical tools and quality management tools in each of ?
the four stages.
55
Moreover, a firm that adapts the systems engineering model should observe the following principles:
=Focus on the end goal.
=Involve all stakeholders.
=Define the sustainability issue of interest.
=Break down the problem into manageable work packages.
=Connect the interface points between project requirements and project design.
=Define the work environment to be conducive to the needs of participants.
=Evaluate the systems structure.
=Justify every major stage of the sustainability project.
=Integrate sustainability into the core functions existing in the organization.
56
In a systems framework, all the resources used for production are-----------------------------------. When producing goods, every repetition of a process or production step counts toward ------------------------------------------(at least statistically).
carefully planned
not being sustainable
57
This is necessary, because sustainability does not work in a bubble, i.e.?
, some industries or areas of the world follow the principles of sustainability while other industries or areas of the world don’t.
58
Some firms see sustainability simply as?
the cautious utilization of resources.
59
Engineers have the chance to look at ?
sustainability from several perspectives and advance sustainability in several areas of their work.
60
Badiru (2019) argues that the “profession of industrial engineering is ?
uniquely positioned to facilitate sustainability, especially as it relates to the environment,
technical resources,
management processes,
human interfaces,
product development, and facility utilization” .
61
This section looks at examples of sustainability in the context of engineering from several of these areas. Many examples of engineering innovations can lead to a sustainable future:
The solar impulse foundation offers various sustainable products, e.g., a solar plane, vegan bottles, eco homes, or electric robots that collect floating waste in water.
62
The firm Wattway has developed a ------------------road surface on which all vehicles can drive. The engineer --------------------------- developed a Robobee, which is a drone robot with GPS, a camera, and artificial intelligence.
photovoltaic
Eijiro Miyakohas
63
Thanks to sticky gel on the bottom of the robot, the Robobee can fly from flower to flower as an alternative to ?
the deteriorating bee population.
64
Farmers can use these Robobees to?
boost pollination and increase crop quality.
65
The examples are ------------------------. The focus in this section is on topics related to engineering, e.g., ---------------------------------------------------------. A few interesting research results, projects, and initiatives are discussed.
manifold
planning, waste, and sustainable materials
66
No artificial product is ------------------------. Often, it takes several years to learn about the impact of materials on society, and the impact does not end after the use of these products.
Teflon was introduced approximately 50 years ago as a non-sticky, non-toxic surface on frying pans. Today, there is some evidence that Teflon degrades at high temperatures and that the materials can cause cancer (Khan & Islam, 2017, p. 163).
sustainable
67
After the introduction of PVC about ------- years ago, we now know that it is not a good alternative for ------------------------- as it can be toxic.
30
expensive wood
68
Many new materials have turned out to be ?
problematic in terms of sustainability and perhaps turning “back to nature” might lead to more sustainability in the future.
69
Nature is self-sufficient and does not need ----------------------------------. Nature teaches engineers sustainable development, as the --------------------------------------------------------------of nature makes it “perfect”. Any waste produced -------nature.
“true sustainability” and increase “productivity” to infinity because every product or component could be reused or recycled without waste
human involvement
self-sufficiency and completeness
harms
70
Products that are engineered are always?
calculated with waste.
71
In terms of sustainability, it would be wonderful if products would not produce waste. Indeed, zero waste engineering would achieve?
----“true sustainability”
-----and increase “productivity” to infinity
72
Indeed, zero waste engineering would achieve “true sustainability” and increase “productivity” to infinity because?
every product or component could be reused or recycled without waste .
73
Zero waste engineering:
This is a concept which theoretically increases productivity to infinity because every product or component could be re-used or recycled and no waste would result
74
The Bandung Adventist Hospital in Bandung City, Indonesia, produces a lot of medical and solid waste to which the hospital applies zero waste initiatives. The composition and disposal of solid waste varies.
==Food waste is either used to feed animals or is composted.
==Materials like plastic, cardboard, and paper are recycled.
==The hospital is not close to zero waste, but it tries to reduce, reuse, or recycle.
75
Sustainable industrial packaging is an important issue, especially for --------------------------.
online retailers.
76
Hanko Kiessner,
the CEO of Packsize,
77
Hanko Kiessner,learned that?
most of the boxes in which products are generally placed are 40 percent too large for the content.
78
most of the boxes in which products are generally placed are 40 percent too large for the content. If products were the correct size, Kiessner estimates that ?
“24 million of the 60 million truckloads of product shipped annually in the United States
[would be eliminated...saving]
1.75 billion gallons of diesel
, [and] preventing 17 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere”.
79
The online retailer Amazon sends millions of packages to customers. Amazon’s goal was to invent sustainable packaging to make sure that t?
he products are in the right size box and no space is wasted.
80
Amazon can reduce the amount of space each product takes on a pallet and thus ?
reduce the number of pallets shipped across the world.
81
Firms such as---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- developed automated box-forming machines.
Packsize,
Westrock’s Box On Demand,
Sealed Air,
and RanPak
82
Amazon has adopted one of these automated box-forming machines to produce?
right-sized boxes for their contents.
83
The automated box-forming machine helps to reduce----------------------and increases ----------------.
product defects
sustainability
84
In the long run, reusable or recyclable packaging could lead to?
more sustainability when firms use reusable plastic containers or pallets.
85
The company Sealed Air has developed?
reusable boxes that reduce up to 75 percent of the original space when they are returned
86
These changes can transform the supply chain, e.g., ?
if firms must think about product packaging and the recycling of containers in the future.
87
Whereas the focus in research on smart cities is usually on?
the development of technology, Jayashree et al. (2019) look at sustainable development and sustainable engineering.
88
Smart cities focus on?
= “the integration of design and technology in the urban fabric to achieve a better quality of life,
= and enable people to live in the smartest, most efficient, and most sustainable way possible” .
89
Engineers need --------------------------------skills to tackle sustainability. The paradox is that firms are supposed to be ------------responsible while having a short-term focus for ------------------------.
complementary
socially
investors
90
Using a multi-case study approach, Jayashree et al. (2019) conducted interviews and focus groups with a management and engineering ------------------ in Dubai and with the winning team in the------------------------------------------------------2018 competition.
consulting firm
Solar Decathlon Middle East
91
Their aim was to investigate the role of social aspects, like?
from individual personal skills of the engineers to the composition of skills in work teams, to a governmental level, where a holistic participatory approach to urban planning is needed
=gender inclusivity and innovation,
= in combination with sustainability in the engineering profession
=and develop a multi-level inclusion framework for smart cities design.
92
This inclusion framework proposes inclusion on?
the micro-level (individual skills),
the meso-level (firm),
and the macro-level (government and sustainability at city level).
93
The results show that sustainable engineering is ?
much more than optimizing technology
94
sustainability needs to be included on several levels, e.g.,?
=from individual personal skills of the engineers to the composition of skills in work teams,
=to a governmental level,
=where a holistic participatory approach to urban planning is needed.
95
Over the past ----------------------, manufacturing practices have become more sustainable. Sustainable manufacturing has three pillars: the ----------------------------------------------- .
50 years
economy, the environment, and society
96
Economically, sustainable manufacturing helps firms to?
change their operation by looking at the whole life cycle of production.
97
Firms can grow by ?
accelerating development and diversification.
98
In environmental terms, sustainable manufacturing is the basis for?
=reducing waste
=and increasing the efficient use of resources.
99
Sustainable manufacturing also reduces ----------------------------------------------------- and creates new human capital for society. It provides--------------------------------------------------------------------.
pollution and emission
“more and better work”
100
To expand environmental benefits, remanufacturing (e.g.,?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------is important.
to recycle resources, save energy, and reduce emission)
101
Remanufacturing has become easier with the use of ?
industrial robotics for disassembly, as these can complete dirty and repetitive jobs that formerly required human involvement.
102
the disassembly and sorting requires human intelligence?
Because the products to recycle are quite different,
103
Q. Liu et al. (2019, p. 4027) propose human-robot collaboration (HRC) to assist ?
workers rather than replace them.
104
In HRC, different systems, e.g.,?
=robot control systems,
=process control systems,
=product status sensing,
=and human sensing systems, could work together.
105
HRC is currently in the development stage and still needs to be?
improved in the context of disassembly.
106
In their case study,
the authors proposed a framework for a robotics branch of the firm Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) on how human robotic interaction could look in the future.
Using artificial intelligence, the robots can be utilized in the area of disassembly and intelligent manufacturing
107
Every organization is affected by?
the issue of sustainability,
which can be linked to economic,
environmental, and social aspects according to the triple bottom line.
108
In 2015, the 2030 Agendaʼs 17 Sustainable Development Goals was published by?
particularly in the context of health, business, industry, education, law enforcement, and pollution reduction.
the United Nations Development Program.
109
Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified discussions about sustainability overall, but?
particularly in the context of health,
business,
industry,
education,
law enforcement,
and pollution reduction.
110
Sustainability is closely related to manufacturing and service systems because ?
industrial engineers have the option to design them with less waste, better quality, and fewer resources.
111
Firms are also held liable when ------------------------------------------------------------------.
products are defective.
112
A good performance and knowledge about customer requirements and satisfaction means that there are:
=fewer defects
=and less waste,
= improving the environmental
=and economic sustainability of the firm.
113
Systems engineering is ?
a branch of engineering in which complex systems are developed, used, or implemented.
It is proposed that quality audits should not exist in isolation.
114
Environmental management systems based on ISO 14001:2015 and health and safety (ISO, 2018a) should be linked into?
a system called the Decision Support System in Environment, Health, and Safety Management System.
115
In addition, according to the DEJI framework (design, evaluation, justification, and integration), quality issues should be?
incorporated into the product design process right from the beginning.
116
All resources used for production need to be carefully planned because?
every process repetition counts toward not being sustainable.
