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3/4 CHEMISTRY > U4AOS1: organic compounds > Flashcards

U4AOS1: organic compounds Flashcards

1
Q

define functional group

A

an atom of group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determine the molecules properties and reactions

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2
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

define homologous series

A

a series of compounds with similar chemical properties and the same general formula, in which each member contains on CH2 unit more than the previous number

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4
Q

define structural isomer

A

a compound that has the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula

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5
Q

incomplete combustion

A

air/oxygen is insufficient, so CO2 not produced. water and carbon, or carbon monoxide and water are produced

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6
Q

complete combustion

A

requires plentiful supply of air so that elements in fuel can fully react w excess oxygen. produce CO2 and water

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7
Q

alkanes

A

a saturated hydrocarbon containing only single bonds between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n+2

X decolourise bromine water
reacts in UV light

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8
Q

alkenes

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing one or more double bonds present between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n

decolourises Br water from orange -> colourless

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9
Q

carboxylic acids

A

name ends in -oic acid
carbon in carboxyl functional group -COOH, is carbon no 1 in parent chain

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10
Q

alcohols

A

name ends in -anol
contains one hydroxyl -OH grp on chain

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11
Q

primary, sec, tertiary alcohols

A

primary = carbon w -OH is bonded to no or 1 carbon atom and oxidise to carboxylic acids
secondary = carbon bonded to 2 and oxidise to form ketones
tertiary = carbon bonded to 3 others and cannot be oxidised to further states

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12
Q

alkynes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing one or more triple bond present between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n-2

decolourises bromine water

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13
Q

amines

A

replace last -e of alkane w -amine
primary amines have structure alkyl group-NH2 (func grp)
amino- prefix w higher func grp

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14
Q

amides

A

contain -CONH2 grp always on carbon 1 of parent chain
suffix -amide and prefix amido-

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15
Q

aldehydes

A

have the C=O bond at start of parent chain
contains -CHO functional group
name = add -al onto corresponding alkane

H-C=O

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16
Q

ketones

A

contain a carbonyl group, C=O
can be anywhere in chain
alkane ending with -one eg. alkanone

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17
Q

priority in naming

A

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane
haloalkane
branches

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18
Q

esters

A

contain ester func group =OCO-
formed from reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol
alkyl group (off the single oxygen) - yl hydrocarbon chain attaching to -COO, oate

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19
Q

uses of ethanol

A

solvent in perfumes, inks and glues
fuel to make biofuel
to make ester, used in food flav.
alcoholic drinks

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20
Q

production of ethanol from hydration

A

chemical method
ethene + steam -> ethanol

fast, continuous, pure ethanol produced BUT expensive, uses ethene from crude oil = non renewable

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21
Q

production of ethanol from fermentation of glucose

A

biological method
glucose -(yeast catalyst)-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

cheaper, sugar from sugar cane=renewable BUT slow, batch process and impure ethanol produced

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22
Q

addition polymerisation

A

alkene molecules = monomers
under pressure and with a catalyst, double bond b/w monomers breaks and bonds form to form poly____

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23
Q

substitution reaction

A

alkanes = saturated so undergo limited chemical reactions
alkane + halogen -(UV light)-» haloalkane + hydrogen halide

24
Q

producing alcohol from haloalkane

A

haloalkane + OH- -> alcohol + halide ion via sodium or potassium hydroxide solution

25
addition reactions of alkenes
alkene + hydrogen halide -> haloalkane alkene + hydrogen -> alkane (need nickel catalyst and 150 deg for HYDROGENATION) alkene + water -> alkanol (need phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 deg, 60-70 atm for HYDRATION)
26
formation of esters
reversible reaction reaction b/w alkanol and acid condensation reaction = produce h2o esterification reaction need H2SO4 catalyst
27
oxidation of prim and sec alcohols
primary: oxid by acidified permanganate (H+/MnO4-) or dichromate solution (H+/Cr2O72-) to produce aldehydes and carboxylic acids eg. ethanol -> ethanal -> ethanoic acid sec: oxid by same oxidising agents to form ketone (C=O)
28
bonding b/w alkanes based w dispersion forces
-molecules can be closer to one another, can pack more closely depending on shape -larger molecules have more regions of charge to attract each other -disp forces strength = increased
29
bonding b/w alkanes based w dispersion forces
-molecules can be closer to one another, can pack more closely depending on shape -larger molecules have more regions of charge to attract each other -disp forces strength = increased
30
reaction between alkane and halogen
-substitution reaction -requires UV light -produces haloalkane + hydrogen halogen
31
reaction between haloalkane to produce alcohol
-substitution reaction -haloalkane passed through NaOH or KOH -halogen replaced with OH group, and joined to cation
32
reaction from haloalkane to amine
-substitution reaction -need excess ammonia NH3 solution and ethanol solution -NH2 attached where halogen was, and halogen forms hydrogen X
33
reaction of alcohols -> oxidised to ___
-oxidation reaction -reagents: H+/MnO4- or H+/Cr2O7 2- -primary alcohols -> aldehydes -> carboxylic acids -secondary alcohols -> ketones -tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised
34
reaction to produce ester
-esterification, condensation reaction -need concentrated H2SO4 -alcohol + carboxylic acid goes to ester + water
35
hydrolysis of esters
-backwards ester reaction -need H+
36
alkene -> alkane
-hydrogenation -nickel catalyst and 150 degrees celsius -alkene + hydrogen gas -> alkane
37
alkene -> haloalkane
-hydrohalogenation -room temperature (standard lab conditions) -alkene + HX -> haloXalkane
38
alkene -> alcohol
-hydration reaction -need phosphoric acid catalyst and 300 degrees -alkene reacts with steam (gas state) to produce alcohol
39
types of structural isomers
-chain (different branching in carbon chain) -positional (different positions of the functional group, usually indicated by number in name) -functional (same atoms but different functional groups eg. aldehyde vs ketone)
40
types of stereoisomers
-geometric (cis and trans) -enantiomers/optical isomers
41
what are geometric isomers
-different arrangements of atoms around a double bond or in a ring = restricts rotation. they are bound to their position like a fixed lid on a pen. -groups on same side of molecule (not on same carbon) = CIS ISOMERS -groups on opposite side of molecule = TRANS ISOMERS
42
what are enantiomers/optical isomers
-non superimposable mirror images containing an asymmetrical chiral carbon -a chiral carbon is attached to 4 different group, not just atoms -cannot translate onto another, like hands
43
chemical and physical properties of cis/trans isomers
-boiling points are affected by the polarity of the molecules, but the arrangements of the molecules in the solids affects their melting points. -eg. cischloro... is polar, but in transchloro..., individual dipoles cancel out so molecule is non-polar -melting points: in solid state, the trans isomers can pack more closely than cis isomers, making IMF more effective
44
define structural isomers
isomers that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different orders/different structures
45
define stereoisomers
isomers with the same molecular formula and same order of atoms, but have different spatial orientations
46
how do you identify chiral molecules?
chiral molecules are not symmetrical and can be recognised because the chiral carbon atom is bonded to 4 different groups.. cannot be superimposed on each other
47
the level of attraction between organic compounds influences:
boiling point flashpoint viscosity solubility and miscibility
48
do branched or linear molecules have stronger IMF?
-linear arranged molecules -can align and stack more effectively -greater electrostatic force of attraction between molecules
49
effect of double bond on IMF
-carbon to carbon double bond creates kinks in all alkenes but ethene -this limits the effectiveness of the dispersion forces acting, so lower bp
50
does hexane or cyclohexane have stronger IMF?
hexane. stronger boiling point bc can stack more effectively and also has 2 more hydrogens
51
why does benzene. have strong IMF?
-benzene has ring of delocalised electrons so can conduct electricity -more electrons shared -> more energetic bonds -harder to break -no specific fixed position of double bonds btw
52
how to find number of optical isomers from number of chiral carbons?
2 to the power of number of chiral carbons
53
why is carbon able to form so many different compounds?
-formation of isomers -can form 4 bonds -can form single, double, triple bonds to other C atoms -C forms chains and rings of atoms due to stability -can form bonds with reactive elements eg. H, N, S, O, P, F
54
what type of bonds are present in hexane?
intermolecular dispersion forces AND intramolecular covalent bonds within the molecule
55
what is an appropriate standard
-known chemical formula -does not react with air / is stable -can be obtained with a high degree of purity -high molar mass (less discrepancy in calculations) -dissolved readily to give standard solutions
56
what is a safety precaution to undertake when disposing propanone (toxic fumes and flammable)
-use an organic waster bucket that is labelled -use a lid to contain the propanone waste -preferably in a fume cupboard
57

3/4 CHEMISTRY (8 decks)

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