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3/4 CHEMISTRY > U4AOS1: organic compounds > Flashcards

U4AOS1: organic compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

define functional group

A

an atom of group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determine the molecules properties and reactions

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2
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

define homologous series

A

a series of compounds with similar chemical properties and the same general formula, in which each member contains on CH2 unit more than the previous number

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4
Q

define structural isomer

A

a compound that has the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula

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5
Q

incomplete combustion

A

air/oxygen is insufficient, so CO2 not produced. water and carbon, or carbon monoxide and water are produced

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6
Q

complete combustion

A

requires plentiful supply of air so that elements in fuel can fully react w excess oxygen. produce CO2 and water

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7
Q

alkanes

A

a saturated hydrocarbon containing only single bonds between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n+2

X decolourise bromine water
reacts in UV light

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8
Q

alkenes

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing one or more double bonds present between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n

decolourises Br water from orange -> colourless

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9
Q

carboxylic acids

A

name ends in -oic acid
carbon in carboxyl functional group -COOH, is carbon no 1 in parent chain

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10
Q

alcohols

A

name ends in -anol
contains one hydroxyl -OH grp on chain

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11
Q

primary, sec, tertiary alcohols

A

primary = carbon w -OH is bonded to no or 1 carbon atom and oxidise to carboxylic acids
secondary = carbon bonded to 2 and oxidise to form ketones
tertiary = carbon bonded to 3 others and cannot be oxidised to further states

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12
Q

alkynes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing one or more triple bond present between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n-2

decolourises bromine water

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13
Q

amines

A

replace last -e of alkane w -amine
primary amines have structure alkyl group-NH2 (func grp)
amino- prefix w higher func grp

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14
Q

amides

A

contain -CONH2 grp always on carbon 1 of parent chain
suffix -amide and prefix amido-

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15
Q

aldehydes

A

have the C=O bond at start of parent chain
contains -CHO functional group
name = add -al onto corresponding alkane

H-C=O

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16
Q

ketones

A

contain a carbonyl group, C=O
can be anywhere in chain
alkane ending with -one eg. alkanone

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17
Q

priority in naming

A

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane
haloalkane
branches

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18
Q

esters

A

contain ester func group =OCO-
formed from reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol
alkyl group (off the single oxygen) - yl hydrocarbon chain attaching to -COO, oate

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19
Q

uses of ethanol

A

solvent in perfumes, inks and glues
fuel to make biofuel
to make ester, used in food flav.
alcoholic drinks

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20
Q

production of ethanol from hydration

A

chemical method
ethene + steam -> ethanol

fast, continuous, pure ethanol produced BUT expensive, uses ethene from crude oil = non renewable

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21
Q

production of ethanol from fermentation of glucose

A

biological method
glucose -(yeast catalyst)-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

cheaper, sugar from sugar cane=renewable BUT slow, batch process and impure ethanol produced

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22
Q

addition polymerisation

A

alkene molecules = monomers
under pressure and with a catalyst, double bond b/w monomers breaks and bonds form to form poly____

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23
Q

substitution reaction

A

alkanes = saturated so undergo limited chemical reactions
alkane + halogen -(UV light)-» haloalkane + hydrogen halide

24
Q

producing alcohol from haloalkane

A

haloalkane + OH- -> alcohol + halide ion via sodium or potassium hydroxide solution

25
Q

addition reactions of alkenes

A

alkene + hydrogen halide -> haloalkane
alkene + hydrogen -> alkane (need nickel catalyst and 150 deg for HYDROGENATION)
alkene + water -> alkanol (need phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 deg, 60-70 atm for HYDRATION)

26
Q

formation of esters

A

reversible reaction
reaction b/w alkanol and acid
condensation reaction = produce h2o
esterification reaction
need H2SO4 catalyst

27
Q

oxidation of prim and sec alcohols

A

primary: oxid by acidified permanganate (H+/MnO4-) or dichromate solution (H+/Cr2O72-) to produce aldehydes and carboxylic acids

eg. ethanol -> ethanal -> ethanoic acid

sec: oxid by same oxidising agents to form ketone (C=O)

28
Q

bonding b/w alkanes based w dispersion forces

A

-molecules can be closer to one another, can pack more closely depending on shape
-larger molecules have more regions of charge to attract each other
-disp forces strength = increased

29
Q

bonding b/w alkanes based w dispersion forces

A

-molecules can be closer to one another, can pack more closely depending on shape
-larger molecules have more regions of charge to attract each other
-disp forces strength = increased

30
Q

reaction between alkane and halogen

A

-substitution reaction
-requires UV light
-produces haloalkane + hydrogen halogen

31
Q

reaction between haloalkane to produce alcohol

A

-substitution reaction
-haloalkane passed through NaOH or KOH
-halogen replaced with OH group, and joined to cation

32
Q

reaction from haloalkane to amine

A

-substitution reaction
-need excess ammonia NH3 solution and ethanol solution
-NH2 attached where halogen was, and halogen forms hydrogen X

33
Q

reaction of alcohols -> oxidised to ___

A

-oxidation reaction
-reagents: H+/MnO4- or H+/Cr2O7 2-
-primary alcohols -> aldehydes -> carboxylic acids
-secondary alcohols -> ketones
-tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised

34
Q

reaction to produce ester

A

-esterification, condensation reaction
-need concentrated H2SO4
-alcohol + carboxylic acid goes to ester + water

35
Q

hydrolysis of esters

A

-backwards ester reaction
-need H+

36
Q

alkene -> alkane

A

-hydrogenation
-nickel catalyst and 150 degrees celsius
-alkene + hydrogen gas -> alkane

37
Q

alkene -> haloalkane

A

-hydrohalogenation
-room temperature (standard lab conditions)
-alkene + HX -> haloXalkane

38
Q

alkene -> alcohol

A

-hydration reaction
-need phosphoric acid catalyst and 300 degrees
-alkene reacts with steam (gas state) to produce alcohol

39
Q

types of structural isomers

A

-chain (different branching in carbon chain)
-positional (different positions of the functional group, usually indicated by number in name)
-functional (same atoms but different functional groups eg. aldehyde vs ketone)

40
Q

types of stereoisomers

A

-geometric (cis and trans)
-enantiomers/optical isomers

41
Q

what are geometric isomers

A

-different arrangements of atoms around a double bond or in a ring = restricts rotation. they are bound to their position like a fixed lid on a pen.
-groups on same side of molecule (not on same carbon) = CIS ISOMERS
-groups on opposite side of molecule = TRANS ISOMERS

42
Q

what are enantiomers/optical isomers

A

-non superimposable mirror images containing an asymmetrical chiral carbon
-a chiral carbon is attached to 4 different group, not just atoms
-cannot translate onto another, like hands

43
Q

chemical and physical properties of cis/trans isomers

A

-boiling points are affected by the polarity of the molecules, but the arrangements of the molecules in the solids affects their melting points.
-eg. cischloro… is polar, but in transchloro…, individual dipoles cancel out so molecule is non-polar

-melting points: in solid state, the trans isomers can pack more closely than cis isomers, making IMF more effective

44
Q

define structural isomers

A

isomers that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different orders/different structures

45
Q

define stereoisomers

A

isomers with the same molecular formula and same order of atoms, but have different spatial orientations

46
Q

how do you identify chiral molecules?

A

chiral molecules are not symmetrical and can be recognised because the chiral carbon atom is bonded to 4 different groups..
cannot be superimposed on each other

47
Q

the level of attraction between organic compounds influences:

A

boiling point
flashpoint
viscosity
solubility and miscibility

48
Q

do branched or linear molecules have stronger IMF?

A

-linear arranged molecules
-can align and stack more effectively
-greater electrostatic force of attraction between molecules

49
Q

effect of double bond on IMF

A

-carbon to carbon double bond creates kinks in all alkenes but ethene
-this limits the effectiveness of the dispersion forces acting, so lower bp

50
Q

does hexane or cyclohexane have stronger IMF?

A

hexane. stronger boiling point bc can stack more effectively and also has 2 more hydrogens

51
Q

why does benzene. have strong IMF?

A

-benzene has ring of delocalised electrons so can conduct electricity
-more electrons shared -> more energetic bonds
-harder to break
-no specific fixed position of double bonds btw

52
Q

how to find number of optical isomers from number of chiral carbons?

A

2 to the power of number of chiral carbons

53
Q

why is carbon able to form so many different compounds?

A

-formation of isomers
-can form 4 bonds
-can form single, double, triple bonds to other C atoms
-C forms chains and rings of atoms due to stability
-can form bonds with reactive elements eg. H, N, S, O, P, F

54
Q

what type of bonds are present in hexane?

A

intermolecular dispersion forces AND intramolecular covalent bonds within the molecule

55
Q

what is an appropriate standard

A

-known chemical formula
-does not react with air / is stable
-can be obtained with a high degree of purity
-high molar mass (less discrepancy in calculations)
-dissolved readily to give standard solutions

56
Q

what is a safety precaution to undertake when disposing propanone (toxic fumes and flammable)

A

-use an organic waster bucket that is labelled
-use a lid to contain the propanone waste
-preferably in a fume cupboard

57
Q
A

3/4 CHEMISTRY (8 decks)

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