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Earth & Space Science > U4: Earth Materials > Flashcards

U4: Earth Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is required for a material to be considered a mineral?

a) solid
b) homogeneous
c) has a crystalline structure
d) naturally occurring
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

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2
Q

An inorganic solid that does not have a crystal structure called a/an

a) glass.
b) precipitate.
c) tetrahedra.
d) ore.
e) polymorph

A

a) glass

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3
Q

If a mineral grows without being inhibited by its surroundings, what type of crystal will it become?

a) anhedral
b) lead
c) polygonal
d) diamond
e) euhedral

A

e) euhedral

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4
Q

The color of the powdered form of a mineral is referred to as

a) hardness.
b) streak.
c) luster.
d) cleavage.
e) specific gravity

A

b) streak

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5
Q

The tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak atomic bonds to produce flat surfaces is referred to as

a) luster.
b) fracture.
c) cleavage.
d) crystal faces.
e) elasticity

A

c) cleavage

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6
Q

Which group of minerals accounts for the largest proportion of the rocks in the crust and mantle?

a) silicates
b) sulfates
c) halides
d) sulfides
e) oxides

A

a) silicates

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7
Q

What is the basic building block of the silicate group of minerals?

a) iron-oxide octahedron
b) ferro-magnesian tetrahedron
c) dihydrous-oxygen pyramid
d) silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
e) sodium-chloride euhedron

A

d) silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

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8
Q

Minerals that have been cut and polished and are particularly beautiful or valuable are referred to as

a) gold mines.
b) gems.
c) tetrahedra.
d) kimberlites.
e) crystals

A

b) gems

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9
Q

Which of the following is a type of silica-oxygen tetrahedra linkage in silicate minerals?

a) single chains
b) three-dimensional framework
c) double chains
d) isolated tetrahedra
e) all of the above
f) none of the above

A

e) all of the above

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10
Q

Which of the following rock types forms when molten rock crystallizes (solidifies)?

a) igneous
b) sedimentary
c) aggregate
d) outcrop

A

a) igneous

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11
Q

Which type of rock will show the type of layering we refer to as foliation?

a) igneous
b) sedimentary
c) metamorphic
d) clastic

A

c) metamorphic

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12
Q

A thin section of rock can be examined to see

a) layering.
b) very small grains.
c) streak.
d) crystal form

A

b) very small grains

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13
Q

What is the name of the volcano that erupted in 79 C.E. (common era), destroying the city of Pompeii?

a) Mt. Pele
b) Mt. Rushmore
c) Mt. St. Helens
d) Mt. Fuji
e) Mt. Vesuvius

A

e) Mt. Vesuvius

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14
Q

The melting associated with the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) or water (H2O) to rocks is referred to as

a) pressure melting.
b) decompression melting.
c) flux melting.
d) subduction of volatiles.
e) pressure addition

A

c) flux melting

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15
Q

A magma high in silica (SiO2) is called

a) mafic.
b) magma.
c) granite.
d) basalt.
e) felsic

A

e) felsic

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16
Q

When gas bubbles remain trapped in a magma or lava even after the melt freezes, the resulting holes in the rock are called

a) corpuscles.
b) vesicles.
c) crystals.
d) aerosols.
e) foci.

A

b) vesicles

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17
Q

The sequence of crystallization of minerals as a magma cools is known as Bowen’s

a) assimilation.
b) reaction series.
c) Law of Crystallization.
d) overreaction process.
e) fluid-to-solid series.

A

b) reaction series

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18
Q

Rock produced by solidifying of magma underground is referred to as

a) extrusive igneous rock.
b) rocky crystallizations.
c) intrusive igneous rock.
d) Bowen’s crystallized rock.
e) wall rock formations

A

c) intrusive igneous rock

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19
Q

Hot mafic lava can be described best as _____ silica and _____ viscosity.

a) low; high
b) high; high
c) medium; medium
d) low; low
e) high; low

A

Hot mafic lava can be described best as _____ silica and _____ viscosity.
d) low; low

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20
Q

A crystalline igneous rock with crystals too small to see without magnification is said to have a(n) _____ texture.

a) porphyritic
b) phaneritic
c) aphanitic
d) phenocrystic
e) fragmental

A

c) aphanitic

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21
Q

A pyroclastic flow is a

a) slow volcanic flow.
b) subsurface volcanic flow.
c) high-altitude volcanic event.
d) ground-hugging, scalding avalanche of volcanic ash and gas.
e) volcanic explosion under an ice sheet

A

d) ground-hugging, scalding avalanche of volcanic ash and gas

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22
Q

An eruption that emits low viscosity lava fountains of mafic lava that can flow long distances is referred to as a(n) _____ eruption.

a) explosive
b) Strombolian
c) epidermal
d) effusive
e) Plinian

A

An eruption that emits low viscosity lava fountains of mafic lava that can flow long distances is referred to as a(n) _____ eruption.
d) effusive

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23
Q

Hot, thin, runny mafic lava flows that have low silica content typically crystallize to produce

a) rhyolite.
b) andesite.
c) basalt.
d) granite.
e) limestone

A

c) basalt

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24
Q

Large volcanoes that have a low, broad shape and are made of successive flows of low viscosity lava are called

a) stratovolcanoes.
b) shield volcanoes.
c) cinder cones.
d) ignimbrites.
e) composite volcanoes

A

b) shield volcanoes

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25
Q

Yellowstone is a classic example of which type of volcanism?

a) continental rift
b) mid-ocean ridge
c) convergent volcanic arc
d) continental hot spot
e) island arc

A

d) continental hot spot

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26
Q

A large circular depression created by the collapse of a volcano into its drained magma chamber is called a

a) caldera.
b) flank vent.
c) crater.
d) fissure.
e) conduit

A

a) caldera

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27
Q

If a volcano has erupted within the last 10,000 years but is not currently erupting, geologists refer to it as

a) active.
b) extinct.
c) dormant.
d) recurring.
e) rhyolitic

A

c) dormant

28
Q

What type of volcano is likely to be found near a convergent zone?

a) hot spot
b) cone
c) stratovolcano
d) fissure eruption

A

c) stratovolcano

29
Q

What type(s) of changes do we monitor for in assessing how likely a volcano is to erupt?

a) gas emission
b) earthquakes
c) ground-shape changes
d) changes in heat flow
e) all of the above
f) none of the above

A

e) all of the above

30
Q

Which of the following is a sediment?

a) loose fragments of rock
b) shells or shell fragments
c) mineral crystals precipitated from water
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

A

d) all of the above

31
Q

An example of physical weathering is

a) oxidation.
b) dissolution.
c) root wedging.
d) hydration.
e) deposition

A

c) root wedging

32
Q

Where in a typical soil profile is the zone of accumulation?

a) horizon O
b) horizon A
c) horizon Z
d) horizon E
e) horizon B

A

e) horizon B

33
Q

The type of soil formed at a location is affected by

a) slope.
b) climate.
c) vegetation.
d) time.
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

34
Q

The transformation of unconsolidated sediment into solid rock is referred to as

a) lithification.
b) transgression.
c) sedimentation.
d) deposition.
e) erosion

A

a) lithification

35
Q

Transportation method and distance traveled by sediments has the greatest effect on

a) composition
b) erosion.
c) sorting.
d) cementation.
e) compaction.

A

c) sorting

36
Q

Which of following is considered an organic sedimentary rock?

a) conglomerate
b) quartz sandstone
c) shelly limestone
d) bituminous coal
e) coquina

A

d) bituminous coal

37
Q

Which of the following is a crystalline limestone formed by the precipitation of calcite from groundwater that has seeped out of the ground?

a) coquina
b) travertine
c) dolostone
d) chert
e) coal

A

b) travertime

38
Q

Which of the following is a type of sedimentary structure mostly associated with turbidity currents?

a) mudcracks
b) graded beds
c) ripple marks
d) dunes
e) growth rings

A

b) graded beds

39
Q

What type of sediment is most commonly deposited in the middle of a lake?

a) sand
b) gravel
c) boulders
d) clay
e) till

A

d) clay

40
Q

What is the name of the process for the migration of the shoreline in a seaward direction as sea level drops?

a) regression
b) transgression
c) diagenesis
d) subduction
e) retraction

A

a) regression

41
Q

Which type of sedimentary rock is classified by grain size?

a) organic
b) biochemical
c) chemical
d) clastic

A

d) clastic

42
Q

Which of the following metamorphic processes transform a mineral into another mineral with the same chemical composition but different crystal structure?

a) phase change
b) recrystallization
c) metamorphic reactions
d) pressure solution
e) plastic deformation

A

a) phase change

43
Q

Which of the following metamorphic processes changes the shape and size of a mineral grain without changing its composition?

a) phase change
b) recrystallization
c) metamorphic reactions
d) pressure solution
e) plastic deformation

A

b) recrystallization

44
Q

Which of the following metamorphic conditions applied to rocks leads to solid-state diffusion?

a) application of physical stress
b) pressure change
c) temperature change
d) tension
e) metasomatism

A

c) temperature change

45
Q

What term is used to refer to compositional changes that take place during metamorphism?

a) preferred orientation
b) recrystallization
c) metamorphic reaction
d) phase change
e) metasomatism

A

e) metasomatism

46
Q

What type of foliation produces alternating dark-colored and light-colored mineral layers?

a) schistose banding
b) gneissic banding
c) slaty cleavage
d) phyllitic banding
e) metaconglomeratism

A

b) gneissic banding

47
Q

Which of the following is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?

a) schist
b) sandstone
c) slate
d) quartzite
e) granite

A

d) quartzite

48
Q

Which of the following is a possible protolith to marble?

a) granite
b) shale
c) gneiss
d) halite
e) limestone

A

e) limestone

49
Q

Which of the following accurately lists the rocks in order from low to high metamorphic grade?

a) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
b) gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite
c) gneiss, slate, phyllite, schist
d) schist, slate, phyllite, gneiss
e) phyllite, schist, slate, gneiss

A

a) slalte, phyllite, schist, gneiss

50
Q

When does dynamothermal (or regional) metamorphism usually occur?

a) after burial in a deep sedimentary basin
b) during continental collisions
c) near igneous intrusions
d) through meteorite impacts
e) in rift zones where fluids are present

A

b) during continental collisions

51
Q

Which of the following pathways through the rock cycle are possible?
a) igneous rock 🡺 erosion and deposition 🡺 sedimentary rock 🡺 burial and heating

b) sedimentary rock 🡺 erosion and redeposition 🡺 sedimentary rock 🡺 heating and melting
c) igneous rock 🡺 burial and heating 🡺 metamorphic rock 🡺 melting
d) sedimentary rock 🡺 heating and melting 🡺 igneous rock 🡺 burial and heating
e) all of the above
f) none of the above

A

e) all of the above

52
Q

Foliation tends to occur due to

a) tension.
b) differential stress.
c) addition of hydrothermal fluids.
d) contact metamorphism

A

b) differential stress

53
Q

Where are you likely to find metamorphic rock?

a) at the mouth of a river
b) near a volcano
c) in a continental shield
d) near a divergent boundary

A

c) in a continental shield

54
Q

Near a volcano you would likely find

a) contact metamorphism.
b) differential foliation.
c) regional metamorphism.
d) dynothermal metamorphism

A

a) contact metamorphism

55
Q

Shale is likely to metamorphize to

a) slate.
b) marble.
c) pyllite.
d) gneiss.

A

a) slate

56
Q

Which energy source has the highest energy density?

a) uranium-235
b) gasoline
c) propane
d) coal
e) wood

A

a) uranium-235

57
Q

Which of the following is NOT a Hydrocarbon?

a) coal
b) gold
c) natural gas
d) tar
e) petroleum

A

b) gold

58
Q

Which of the following is typical of an unconventional hydrocarbon reserve?

a) relatively low viscosity of the hydrocarbon
b) highly porous reservoir rock
c) hydrocarbons locked in an impermeable rock
d) highly permeable reservoir rock
e) all of the above

A

c) hydrocarbons locked in an impermeable rock

59
Q

Which of the following is typical of a conventional hydrocarbon reserve?

a) relatively low viscosity of the hydrocarbon
b) highly porous reservoir rock
c) presence of an underground trap
d) highly permeable reservoir rock
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

60
Q

Which of the following is considered an unconventional hydrocarbon reserve?

a) oil shale
b) tar sand
c) shale oil
d) shale gas
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

61
Q

What environment leads to the formation of coal?

a) tropical freshwater swamps
b) arid deserts
c) deep ocean
d) tropical shallow marine
e) none of the above

A

a) tropical freshwater swamps

62
Q

Which type of coal has the highest percentage of carbon content?

a) lignite
b) bituminous
c) peat
d) anthracite
e) obsidian

A

d) anthracite

63
Q

What is the primary fuel for nuclear power plants?

a) petroleum hydrocarbons
b) anthracite coal
c) uranium
d) natural gas

A

c) uranium

64
Q

Which type of energy source utilizes photovoltaic cells to produce electricity?

a) nuclear
b) solar
c) wind
d) geothermal
e) hydroelectric

A

b) solar

65
Q

Which type of ore deposit is associated with hydrothermal vents (black smokers) that occur along the oceanic ridges?

a) magmatic deposits
b) secondary-enrichment deposits
c) seafloor massive sulfide deposits
d) sedimentary deposits
e) residual deposits

A

c) seafloor massive sulfide deposits

66
Q

Which ore is formed in a residual deposit?

a) gold
b) bauxite
c) galena
d) malachite

A

b) bauxite

67
Q

Which is an example of a nonmetallic mineral resource?

a) coal
b) bauxite
c) galena
d) marble

A

d) marble

Earth & Space Science (2 decks)

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