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BIO 12 > U4 AOS2 > Flashcards

U4 AOS2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genotype

A
  • inherited alleles organisms receive from parents
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2
Q

phenotype

A
  • physical characteristics
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3
Q

homozygous

A
  • same BB/bb
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4
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles Bb

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5
Q

allele

A
  • variation of a gene e.g eye color
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6
Q

genetic diversity

A
  • variation in alleles or genes in a population
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7
Q

gene pool

A

total genetic diversity in a pop

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8
Q

calculate gene frequency

A
  • count the allele and divide by total alleles
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9
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • leads to genetic diversity
  • drives gd
  • alleles are randomly distributed via Independent assortment and genetic recombination (crossing over)
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10
Q

mutation

A
  • cause diversity in the SAME species
    -spontaneous change in DNA
  • can be pos or neg
  • spontaneously occur due to a mutogen e.g
    -substitutions
    -deletions
    -insertions
    -inversions
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11
Q

natural selection

A
  • genetic diversity leads to natural selection
    -individuals well suited to their enviro are more likely to survive and reproduce
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12
Q

selection pressure

A
  • enviro factor that drives natural selection
    -key mechanism for evolution
    -differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a speacies, due to selective adv and dis from heritable differences in their phenotype
  • individuals that survive longer reproduce more and are going to pass on their alleles to the next generation in greater frequency, alleles increase in frequency in the gene pool- evo
    eg- pesticides, climate, soil, food, predator pop etc
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13
Q

types of adaptations and what they are

A

adapatations- passed from parent to offspring, allow org to survive and reproduce in a specific enviro
structural-(physical) physical anatomical appendage that allows the org to survive/ reproduce
eg anteaters have long lounges to reach hard to reach places

  • physiological- adaptation involving the function of organs/systems eg chameleon change colours blending in with immediate enviro, avoiding predation and allowing it to hunt more successfully
  • behavioral- different patterns of motion and how an org behaves , allows organism to thrive within its ecosystem eg migration
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14
Q

sexual selection

A
  • what matters more than survival is reproduction e.g animals fighting for the right to mate , reproduction is prioritized over over survival
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15
Q

effects on gene pool

A
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16
Q

genetic drift

A

-(no direction)
- alleles in a population change over time due to random chance events
- smaller pop= larger affect on allele frequency
- natural- allele frequency change due to selective advantage

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17
Q

founder effect

A

-formation of a new population as a result of a small group of individuals/alleles being isolated from the larger pop
-leads to low genetic diversity

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18
Q

bottleneck effect

A

frequency of alleles is changed due to near extinction event
- few surviving individuals give rise to new pop, arent representative of genetic makeup of o.g pop

19
Q

selective breeding what and steps

A

artificial selection/ selective breeding- process in which we choose to breed org

20
Q

species

A
  • group of individuals genetically similar enough to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
21
Q

antigenic drift

A
  • an accumulation of mutations which may result to changes to the antigen on the viruses surface
  • can take short time
  • can take a long time to change=large issue as antigens are completely different
22
Q

antigenic shift

A
  • an abrupt change in the virus’ genome due to swapping genetic material while in a host cell
  • occurs w a secondary virus infceting a cell and resulting in drastically different antigen
  • often a result of zoonosis
23
Q

how to treat against viruses

A
  • vaccination
    0 isolation and containment
24
Q

how to treat against bacteria

A
  • antibiotics- thus surviving bacteria is known as antibiotic resistant bacteria

cont

25
Q

evolution

A
26
Q

fossilization

A
  • preservation of the hardened remains or traces of organisms within sedementary rock
  • fossils are hard remains of org which are hard to decompose, unlike soft tissue
27
Q

how do fossils occur

A
  • organism with hard body parts dies in or near water
  • remains of body is burried by sedement that flows through the bod of water
  • sediment accumulates over a long period of time
    -erosion and weathering then allows remains to be found after a long period of time
28
Q

impression fossil

A
  • shape or impression of an organism left in the rock
  • include shell surfaces, tree trunks or plant leaves
29
Q

mineralized fossils

A
  • occur when minerals have replaced the spaces in the structure of the org such as bones
  • leaves replica of org
30
Q

trace fossils

A
  • leaves a trace of the organism without any part of the org e.g footprint, egg, faeces,nest
31
Q

mummified fossil

A

-preserved in something other than rock

32
Q

transition fossils

A
33
Q

index fossils

A
  • fossils that have a known age
  • used as a reference to easily determine the age of unknown fossils
  • have t be common /abundant
    -widespread/ available across the world
    -distinctive
    -exist for a short period of time
34
Q

dating fossils- techniques

A

relative
absolute

35
Q

relative dating

A
  • used to compare fossils of different dig sites and continents/regions
    -deeper in the ground= older fossil
  • if an unknown fossil is found between two KNOWN layers it can be assumed in between their ages
  • based on STRATIGRAPHY- study of relative positions of the rock strata or layers
36
Q

gene flow

A

individuals move from one population to another and mate with the individuals in the other population

37
Q

anthropology

A
  • study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution
38
Q

example of relative dating

A

faunal succession- fossils found in SEDEMENATRY ROCK succeded in a predictable order
- comapred via index fossil

-index fossil

39
Q

what is absolute dating

A
  • more precise estimate of age, although not an exact age
    e.g radiometric dating
    -thermoluminescence
    -electron spin resonance
40
Q

genetic/reproductive isolation

A
  • when allels are no longer exchanged between pop types
    before- prezygotic iso
    after-postzygotic iso
41
Q

prezygotic iso mech

A
  • the prevention of mating between diff population of species
  • geographical iso- physical land barrier created
  • ecological isolation- org occupy diff ecological niches within an ecosystem e.g plants
  • structural/morphological- sexual organs of species are diff/dont fit org size
42
Q

postzygotic isolation mech

A
  • prevents a zygote of two different species from dev into a fertile adult
    -offspring resulting from interbreeding between diff species are called hybrids
    e.g liger

hybrid inviability- two genetically similar organisms that are different species successfuly create a zygote
- zygote will form into hybrid which is then infertile due to unmatched chrom (non- homologous), cant do mitosis

43
Q
A

BIO 12 (4 decks)

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