U4 AOS 1 Chp 6 Definitions Flashcards
VCE Unit 4 AOS 1 Biology Chp 6 content from Jacaranda Biology Textbook
disease
condition in a living animal or plant body that impairs the normal functioning of an organ, part, structure or system
non-infectious/communicable disease
cannot spread from affected people to healthy people via the environment
infectious/communicable disease
can be transmitted from one individual to another
virulence
the ability of a pathogen to cause disease or geographic range over the past 20 years
remerging disease
is a disease which reappears after a significant decline in its incidence
zoonotic disease
disease passes from an animal to a human host
emerging diseases
infectious diseases that are new to humans or have increased markedly in incidence in recent times
endemic
diseases present at constant low levels in a population or region
outbreak
sudden increase in the prevalance of a disease on a local level
epidemic
when an infectious disease spreads rapidly through a nation and affects large numbers of people
pandemic
a new kind of disease will appear and spread to other countries
Reservoirs
habitat in which it lives, grows and multiplies
Viruses
noncellular pathogens that cannot be replicated ins standard microbiological broths or on agar plates
epidemiological triad model
used to explain the main components of disease causation
gene probes
specifically designed probes that bind to specific genes
Sequence analyses
involves determining the order of the sequence of nucleotides in the bacterial DNA
Plasmid fingerprinting
involves using DNA profiling techniques to identify the genetic profiles of specific plasmids and thus determine a bacterial species and strain
monoclonal antibodies
antibodies that are designed to have a specific antigen binding site
ELISA
can detect antigens and antibodies and detect toxins specific to a pathogen
Immunoluorescence
uses antibody with a fluorescent marker to bind to and detect a specific antigen or antibody in serum
transmissions
occurs when a pathogen agent leaves its reservoir or host through a point of exit and is transmitted, entering a point of entry to infect a susceptible host
patient 0/index case
1st individual to have a case of an infectious disease
direct transmission
person to person contact, kissing or sexual contact
Incubation
period ofter infection and before the first symptoms of a disease appear OR interval between a person’s exposure to a pathogen and the onset of disease symptoms
asymptomatic carriers
sompe people can be infected by a pathogen but be in good health and never show any signs or symptoms of the disease
R0 value
basic reproduction on the number that identifies the expected number of individuals a person with a certain disease will infect
antibiotics
class of antimicrobrial drug that in low concentrations, inhibits the growth or kill microorganisms
narrow spectrum
act against limited varitey of microorganism
broad spectrum
acts against many different kinds of pathogens can be
naturally produced
produced by other organisms
semisynthetic
produced partially by chemical synthesis
synthetic
produced wholly by chemical synthesis
bacteriostatic
inhibiting growth
bactericidal
directly killing
antiviral drugs
type of medication used specifically for treating viral infection
Vaccine
a suspension of microorganisms or pieces of them that is deliberately introduced into the body to protect against disease
Live attenuated vaccine
involve a living microbe that has been weakened int eh lab, usually through repeated culturing
inactivated/killed vaccines
contain microbes that have been inactivated by heat, radiation or chemical means
subunit vaccines
made by growing the pathogen in the lab and chemically extracting the antigens or by using recombinant DNA technology
toxoid vaccines
a type of recombinant subunit vaccine uses toxins inactivated by formalin to stimulate an adaptive immune response
herd immunity
occurs when vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides some protection for individuals who have not developed immunity
immunotherapy
strategies can be used to treat varying diseases involving altering the immune response to fight diseases like cancer and autoimmune disease
monoclonal antibodies
relatively new class of drug that can be used in cancer and autoimmune disease treatment
conjugated monoclonal antibodies
MAbs joined to a second molecule like chemotherapy drug or a radioisotope particle
autoimmunity
occurs when T cells and or B cells are inappropriately activated resulting in an autoimmune disease