U4 Flashcards
What is DEVELOPMENT?
Development is enduring growth and change that makes an individual better adapted to the environment.
How does development help?
It enhances the individuals ability to engage, understand & experience more complex behaviour, thinking and emotions.
What is the length of development?
It is a persons process over a lifespan, the change occurred, the behaviour and stability from birth to death.
Why is it important for Counsellors to know the stages of Development?
Provides
1. An explanation as to why people think and act the way they do
- It can be a baseline that indicates where r u? a person should be within their development
Eg what is considered normal
3.evidence for the interventions a counsellor chooses to conduct with their clients
How many HUMAM DEVELOPMENT THEORIES are there?
5
What are the 5 PERSONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THEORIES?
- Freud’s psychosexual theory
- Erickson’s pyschosocial stages
- Piaget’s Stages of cognitive development
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Learning theories
Which is more important… Nature vs Nurture?
Both are regarded is important in the modern counselling process.
Both factors of the clients upbringing need to be assessed within the counselling process.
What are the factors of NATURE?
-Physical Health
-Family History of conditions
Eg anxiety depression schizophrenia and substance abuse
-physiological biology, needs and drives
What are the factors of NURTURE?
- living environment
- support systems
- cultural factors
- education
- childhood history eg traumatic childhood events and behavioural models eg mother father
Is MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS known as HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY?
Yes
What is HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY based on?
It is based on the human capacity for creativity, growth and choice.
It argues that development is not dominated by unconscious forces.
What does it highlight for clients in the counselling process?
It highlights the clients strengths and their potential for change
Does Maslow’s theory focus more on ‘human motivation’ or ‘human development’?
Human motivation
What are the “Physiological Needs” first needs in maslow’s hierarchy pyramid?
Survival and physiological needs
- air
- food
- Sex
- sleep
- shelter
- water
What are the SAFETY AND SECURITY needs in Maslow’s Theory?
- Safety
- Security
What are the ‘BELONGING & LOVE needs’ in Maslow’s Theory?
- Social needs
- friendship
- family
What consists of the 4th level (ESTEEM NEEDS) of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Esteem
- Self Esteem
- confidence
- Achievement
What are the final needs that create a whole individual in Maslow’s theory? SELF ACTUALISATION NEEDS
- Self actualisation
- creativity
- problem solving
- authenticity
- spontaneity
Does Maslow’s H of Needs Theory assume that basic needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met?
Yes
What results in PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS NOT being met?
Acute or chonic illness/death
What results in SAFETY AND SEC NEEDS NOT being met?
DEVIANT-
Addictions, delinquency, mental and behavioural disorders, crime often follows teens and early adulthood
What results in 3rd needs not being met?
Belonging love and social needs
The DEPENDANT
Mental disorders addictions co dependency
What is the result if ESTEEM NEEDS aren’t met?
Isolate self
Withdrawn into own world and career
Seeks recognition in inappropriate ways
What is the result if SELF ACTUALISATION NEEDs aren’t met?
Person remains unsatisfied and unfulfilled in life.
Drift from job to job
Guru to guru
What are the two main types of LEARNING THEORIES?
- CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
- OPERANT CONDITIONING
What is an example of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Learning?
Bell rung before feeding your dog
Dog began associating the sound of the bell with the presentation of food
What is an example of OPERANT CONDITIONING LEARNING?
Command to sit by master to dog
Once dog sat
Dog gets treat
Repeated behaviour if followed by treat
What is the definition of OMIT?
To leave out intentionally or forgetfully
Synonyms
Neglect/fail/forget
What is OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
It is the learning acquired by observing and imitating the behaviours we see in others
What are the other names referred to OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
- Modelling
- Social learning
- Social conflictive Theory
What is an example of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
Nick is comforted by the smell of shaylas perfume as it reminds him of the perfume of his sister who he always felt happy and comfortable around
What is an example of OPERANT CONDITIONING?
Moo the dog rolls over as she has learnt that when she does she’d be rewarded with a pat and food
(Positive reinforcement)
What is an example of ‘observational Learning’?
Kim attempts to be a bigger person and not lower herself to being a bitch when she’s angry
As she seen the benefit’s of not having any guilt after, when her friend Summer didn’t stoop to lower levels.
Using S F Theory
If a lady presents herself with smoking addiction and nail biting habits , what stage would Freud think she was unsatisfied in?
Oral stage
What are the stages of S F Theory?
ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATAENCY GENITAL
What are the three parts of the Psyche (S.F)?
ID
EGO
SUPER EGO
What is an example of someone acting from their ID?
When someone is tailgating you and you get the urge to stick your finger up, wind down the window and yell abuse.
(Subconscious)
What is an example of superego
Parental or high moral behaviour
Conscious
What is example of EGO BEHAVIOUR?
Preconcious and conscious attitude
Adult behaviour
Weighing up the good and the bad to Crete the best outcome.
How many DEFENCE MECHANISMS ARE THERE IN FRUEDS THEORY?
6
What are the 6 DEFENCE MECHANISMS?
- DISPLACEMENT
- PROJECTION
-RATIONALISATION
making excuses
It’s because He’s an alcoholic
-REACTION FORMATION react happy when sad
Angry when hurt
- REPRESSION forget
- REGRESSION act like child throw tantrum
